I.B. Zabolotskikh, N.V. Trembach, S.A. Dryaev
| Scale/model | Target outcome | Variables | When to use | Limitations/conditions | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arozullah PRF (NSQIP-VA) | RF: reintubation or MV > 48 h | Type of surgery; emergency status; albumin; blood urea nitrogen; FS; COPD; age | Preoperative screening for RF risk and planning the level of postoperative monitoring/ICU care | VA cohort predominantly male; possible loss of calibration; external validation required | [44] |
| Gupta PRF (ACS-NSQIP) | RF: MV > 48 h or unplanned intubation/reintubation (within 30 days) | Type of surgery; emergency status; FS; preoperative sepsis; ASA class | Preoperative decision-making regarding management and resource allocation (ICU/monitoring) | Relies on registry-defined outcomes; local calibration assessment required | [25] |
| PERISCOPE-PRF | RF: hypoxemia/need for noninvasive or invasive ventilation | Oxygen saturation; symptoms; HF; liver disease; surgical invasiveness; emergency status; duration | Preoperative assessment of RF risk when data are limited | Internal validation reported in the article; external validation is limited/required | [49] |
| ARISCAT | PPCs (composite of pulmonary complications) | Oxygen saturation; URT infection; age; anemia; surgical approach; duration; emergency status | General preoperative PPC risk screening and selection of preventive measures | Historical cohort; composite definition depends on clinical practice; recalibration may be required | [16] |
| LAS VEGAS risk score | PPCs/RF (including need for supplemental oxygen, MV, or ARDS) | 13 perioperative factors, including airway pressure and duration | When intraoperative factors and ventilation parameters need to be considered | Observational data; external validation required before widespread implementation | [26] |
| SPORC-2 | Early reintubation/need for MV (postoperative days 1–3) | Variables not listed (pre- and intraoperative factors) | Resource planning and monitoring during the first postoperative day | Predicts severe early events rather than the full spectrum of PPCs | [23] |
| LIPS (Lung Injury Prediction Score) | Early risk of acute lung injury/ARDS | Predisposing conditions + modifiers (sepsis/shock/aspiration, etc.) | Early identification of patients at high risk of ARDS for preventive interventions | Not exclusively perioperative; thresholds are population-dependent; external validation required | [58] |
| STOP-Bang | High risk of obstructive sleep apnea as a risk factor for complications | Snoring; daytime sleepiness; observed apneas; BP; BMI; age; neck circumference; sex | Preoperative screening and enhanced monitoring, opioid-sparing strategies, and CPAP | Screening tool, not a diagnosis; moderate specificity; clinical context required | [66] |
| Arozullah PN (VA) | Postoperative pneumonia | Type of surgery; age; FS; weight loss; COPD; impaired consciousness; stroke; blood urea nitrogen | Preoperative prediction of pneumonia and targeted prevention | Historical cohort predominantly male; transportability/calibration require evaluation | [50] |
| Gupta PN (ACS-NSQIP) | Pneumonia (within 30 days) | Age; ASA class; COPD; FS; sepsis; smoking; type of surgery | Preoperative stratification of pneumonia risk | Depends on the registry definition of pneumonia; local calibration assessment required | [51] |
| Russotto et al. model | Postoperative pneumonia | FS; oxygen saturation; colloids; blood transfusion; upper abdominal surgery | Pneumonia risk stratification incorporating perioperative factors | Further external validation is required, as stated in the article | [52] |
| Kawasaki nomogram | Postoperative pneumonia after major abdominal surgery | Age; male sex; CVD; smoking index ≥ 900; surgical approach | Individualized pneumonia risk assessment in abdominal surgery | Internal validation reported; external validation not presented | [53] |
| Note: ARDS — acute respiratory distress syndrome; ASA — American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status Classification; BMI — body mass index; BP — blood pressure; COPD — chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CPAP — continuous positive airway pressure therapy; CVD — cerebrovascular disease; FS — functional status; HF — heart failure; ICU — intensive care unit; MV — mechanical ventilation; PPCs — postoperative pulmonary complications; RF — respiratory failure; URT — upper respiratory tract. | |||||