Аннотация
АКТУАЛЬНОСТЬ: Пациенты на экстракорпоральной мембранной оксигенации (ЭКМО) относятся к группе наиболее тяжелых в отделении реанимации и интенсивной терапии (ОРИТ), им требуется комплексное лечение, сопровождающееся длительным пребыванием в стационаре и реабилитацией. Нутритивная поддержка (НП) занимает важное место в программе интенсивной терапии. Несмотря на рост частоты использования ЭКМО в ОРИТ за последнее десятилетие, информативные клинические данные, касающиеся оптимальных методов поддержания нутритивного статуса и контроля метаболизма, встречаются редко. Недостаток доказательной базы и отсутствие рекомендаций по НП для взрослых пациентов на ЭКМО приводят к гетерогенности клинической практики в отношении оптимальных потребностей в макро- и микронутриентах, времени начала, типа и объема нутритивной поддержки. ЦЕЛЬ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ: анализ и обобщение результатов современных исследований, посвященных НП взрослых пациентов в критическом состоянии, находящихся на ЭКМО. МАТЕРИАЛЫ И МЕТОДЫ: Систематический поиск и отбор публикаций был выполнен с использованием библиографической базы данных PubMed. Для изучения подхода к НП пациентов на ЭКМО проанализированы исследования, опубликованные с 2012 по 2021 г. Релевантные исследования были ограничены рандомизированными контролируемыми исследованиями, обсервационными исследованиями и клиническими испытаниями. РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ: В общей сложности отобрано 15 исследований. Раннее энтеральное питание было сочтено безопасным и возможным для пациентов с ЭКМО, однако достижение целевых показателей обеспечения энергией и белком является сложной задачей. Данные о влиянии НП на клинические исходы и осложнения были противоречивыми. Следует прилагать определенные усилия для достижения адекватного обеспечения пациента на ЭКМО в объеме более 80 % от расчетных целевых показателей по энергии и белку. НП у пациентов с ЭКМО должна проводиться в соответствии с действующими рекомендациями по НП при критических состояниях до тех пор, пока не будут получены дополнительные данные. ВЫВОДЫ: Персонифицированный подход является наиболее важным принципом нутритивно-метаболической терапии. Необходимы дальнейшие исследования, изучающие связь различных вариантов НП и клинических исходов у пациентов на ЭКМО.
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