ISSN (print) 1726-9806     ISSN (online) 1818-474X
No. 4 (2025), CLINICAL GUIDELINES
No. 4 (2025)
CLINICAL GUIDELINES

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (adult patients). Clinical guidelines (2025 revision)

Published 31.10.2025
Andrey I. Yaroshetskiy
Сеченовский университет
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1484-092X
A.I. Gritsan
Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0500-2887
S.N. Avdeev
Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Pulmonology Scientific Research Institute under Federal Biomedical Agency Russia, Moscow, Russia
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5999-2150
A.V. Vlasenko
Russian Medical Academy of Continuing Professional Education, Moscow, Russia
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3116-318X
A.A. Eremenko
Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery, Moscow, Russia
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5809-8563
M.Yu. Kirov
Northern State Medical University, Arkhangelsk, Russia; City Clinical Hospital No 1 named E.E. Volosevich, Arkhangelsk, Russia
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4375-3374
K.M. Lebedinskii
North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov, St. Petersburg, Russia; Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russia
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5752-4812
I.N. Leiderman
Almazov National Medical Research Centre, St. Petersburg, Russia
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8519-7145
V.A. Mazurok
Almazov National Medical Research Centre, St. Petersburg, Russia
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3917-0771
А.А. Солодов
ФГБОУ ВО «Российский университет медицины» Минздрава России, Москва, Россия
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8263-1433
D.N. Protsenko
Moscow Multidisciplinary Clinical Center “Kommunarka”, Moscow, Russia; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5166-3280
I.B. Zabolotskikh
Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russia; Kuban State Medical University, Krasnodar, Russia; Regional Clinical Hospital No 2, Krasnodar, Russia
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3623-2546
PDF_2025-4-7-68 (Russian)
HTML_2025-4-7-68_S (Russian)

Keywords

guidelines
mechanical ventilation
non-invasive ventilation
high flow oxygen therapy
acute respiratory failure
ARDS
ECMO

How to Cite

Yaroshetskiy A.I., Gritsan A.I., Avdeev S.N., Vlasenko A.V., Eremenko A.A., Kirov M.Y., Lebedinskii K.M., Leiderman I.N., Mazurok V.A., Солодов А.А., Protsenko D.N., Zabolotskikh I.B. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (adult patients). Clinical guidelines (2025 revision). Annals of Critical Care. 2025;(4):7–68. doi:10.21320/1818-474X-2025-4-7-68.
ACM ACS APA ABNT Chicago Harvard IEEE MLA Turabian Vancouver AMA ГОСТ

Download Citation

Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS) BibTeX

Statistics

Annotation views: 4124
PDF_2025-4-7-68 (Russian) downloads: 2075
HTML_2025-4-7-68_S (Russian) downloads: 167

Language

English Русский

Most reader

Social Networks

Keywords

Abstract

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is one of the most common causes of acute respiratory failure. The updated clinical guidelines are devoted to the state-of-the-art diagnostic approach and treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome. In the updated version of the clinical guidelines, ARDS diagnostics could be performed not only in intubated but also in non-intubated patients. The approach to the choice of diagnostic methods, intensive care and respiratory support is based on pathophysiology, data from observational and randomized studies on the problem of ARDS. Particular emphasis in the updated version of the clinical guidelines is placed on new data on the features of the clinical course, diagnosis and intensive care for various pathophysiological and clinical phenotypes of ARDS. Data on the use of non-invasive ventilation and high-flow oxygen therapy through nasal cannula in patients with ARDS have been significantly expanded. The recommendations were prepared using studies whose design corresponded to the thesis of the clinical recommendation, as well as systematic reviews and meta-analyses of randomized and non-randomized studies whose design corresponded to the thesis of the clinical recommendation. Based on the presented analysis, recommendations were given for the diagnosis and treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome, indicating the level of evidence and class of recommendations. The updated clinical recommendations significantly expanded the section on physical activation and rehabilitation of patients with ARDS. The clinical recommendations are intended for anesthesiologists and intensivists, as well as other clinical specialties.

PDF_2025-4-7-68 (Russian)
HTML_2025-4-7-68_S (Russian)

Full-text of the article is available for this locale: Russian.

References

  1. Ware L.B., Matthay M.A. The Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. New England Journal of Medicine. 2000; 342(18): 1334–1349. DOI: 10.1056/NEJM200005043421806
  2. Hudson L.D., Milberg J.A., Anardi D., Maunder R.J. Clinical risks for development of the acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995; 151(2I): 293–301. DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.151.2.7842182
  3. Fowler A.A., Hamman R.F., Good J.T., et al. Adult respiratory distress syndrome: Risk with common predispositions. Ann Intern Med. 1983; 98(5): 593–597. DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-98-5-593
  4. Pepe P.E., Potkin R.T., Reus D.H., et al. Clinical predictors of the adult respiratory distress syndrome. The American Journal of Surgery. 1982; 144(1): 124–130. DOI: 10.1016/0002-9610(82)90612-2
  5. Gattinoni L., Pelosi P., Suter P.M., et al. Acute respiratory distress syndrome caused by pulmonary and extrapulmonary disease: Different syndromes? Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998; 158(1): 3–11. DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.158.1.9708031
  6. Острый респираторный дистресс-синдром: практическое руководство. Ред.: Б.Р. Гельфанд, В.Л. Кассиль. М.: Литтерра, 2007. 232 с. [Acute respiratory distress syndrome: a practical guide / ed.: B. R. Gelfand, V.L. Kassil. Moscow Litterra, 2007. 232 p. (In Russ)]
  7. Власенко А.В., Голубев А.М., Мороз В.Н., Яковлев В.Г. Патогенез и дифференциальная диагностика острого респираторного дистресс-синдрома, обусловленного прямыми и непрямыми этиологическими факторами. Общая реаниматология. 2011; VIII(3): 5–13. [Vlasenko A.V., Golubev A.M., Moroz V.N., Yakovlev V.G. Pathogenesis and differential diagnostics of acute respiratory distress syndrome caused by direct and indirect etiological factors. General Reanimatology. 2011; VIII(3): 5–13. (In Russ)] DOI: 10.15360/1813-9779-2011-3-5
  8. Moss M., Guidot D.M., Duhon G.F., et al. Diabetic patients have a decreased incidence of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care Med. 2000; 28(7): 2187–2192. DOI: 10.1097/00003246-200007000-00001
  9. Frank J.A., Nuckton T.J., Matthay M.A. Diabetes mellitus: A negative predictor for the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome from septic shock. Crit Care Med. 2000; 28(7): 2645–2646. DOI: 10.1097/00003246-200007000-00079
  10. Moss M., Parsons P.E., Steinberg K.P., et al. Chronic alcohol abuse is associated with an increased incidence of acute respiratory distress syndrome and severity of multiple organ dysfunction in patients with septic shock. Crit Care Med. 2003; 31(3): 869–877. DOI: 10.1097/01.CCM.0000055389.64497.11
  11. Boyle A.J., Madotto F., Laffey J.G., et al. Identifying associations between diabetes and acute respiratory distress syndrome in patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure: an analysis of the LUNG SAFE database. Crit Care. 2018; 22(1). DOI: 10.1186/s13054-018-2158-y
  12. Грицан А.И., Колесниченко А.П., Ишутин В.В., Грицан Г.В. Опыт проведения респираторной поддержки у беременных женщин с вирусно-бактериальными пневмониями, осложненными ОРДС. Научные тезисы XII съезда Федерации анестезиологов и реаниматологов, Москва, 19–22 сентября 2010 г. М., 2010. С. 122–123. [Gritsan A.I., Kolesnichenko A.P., Ishutin V.V., Gritsan G.V. Experience of respiratory support in pregnant women with viral-bacterial pneumonia complicated by ARDS. Scientific abstracts of the XII Congress of the Federation of Anesthesiologists and Resuscitators, Moscow, September 19–22, 2010. Moscow, 2010. P. 122–123. (In Russ)]
  13. Michard F., Fernandez-Mondejar E., Kirov M.Y., et al. A new and simple definition for acute lung injury. Crit Care Med. 2012; 40(3): 1004–1006. DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e31823b97fd
  14. Malbrain M.L.N.G., Chiumello D., Pelosi P., et al. Incidence and prognosis of intraabdominal hypertension in a mixed population of critically ill patients: a multiple-center epidemiological study. Crit Care Med. 2005; 33(2): 315–322. DOI: 10.1097/01.ccm.0000153408.09806.1b
  15. Mutoh T., Lamm W.J., Embree L.J., et al. VVolume infusion produces abdominal distension, lung compression, and chest wall stiffening in pigs. J Appl Physiol (1985). 1992; 72(2): 575–582. DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1992.72.2.575.
  16. Malbrain M., Chiumello D., Pelosi P., et al. Prevalence of intra-abdominal hypertension in critically ill patients: A multicentre epidemiological study. Intensive Care Med. 2004; 30(5): 822–829. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-004-2169-9
  17. Гайгольник Д.В., Беляев К.Ю., Грицан Е.А., Грицан А.И. Биомеханика и газообмен в процессе респираторной поддержки у пациентов с некротическим панкреатитом в зависимости от исходов лечения. Вестник интенсивной терапии им А.И. Салтанова. 2019; 1: 65–77. [Gaigolnik D.V., Belyaev K.Yu., Gritsan E.A., Gritsan A.I. Respiratory mechanics and gas exchange during respiratory support in patients with necrotizing pancreatitis depending on the outcome Annals of critical care. 2019; 1: 65–77. (In Russ)] DOI: 10.21320/1818-474X-2019-1-65-77
  18. Behazin N., Jones S.B., Cohen R.I., Loring S.H. Respiratory restriction and elevated pleural and esophageal pressures in morbid obesity. J Appl Physiol. 2010; 108(1): 212–218. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.91356.2008
  19. Ярошецкий А.И., Проценко Д.Н., Резепов Н.А., Гельфанд Б.Р. Настройка положительного давления конца выдоха при паренхиматозной ОДН: Статическая петля «давление-объем» или транспульмональное давление? Анестезиология и реаниматология. 2014; 4: 53–59. [Yaroshetsky A.I., Protsenko D.N., Rezepov N.A., Gelfand B.R. Setting positive end-expiratory pressure in parenchymatous ARF: Static pressure-volume loop or transpulmonary pressure? Anesthesiology and resuscitation. 2014; 4: 53–59. (In Russ)] DOI: 10.17116/anaesthesiology20200215
  20. Fumagalli J., Santiago R.R.S., Teggia Droghi M., et al. Lung Recruitment in Obese Patients with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Anesthesiology. 2019; 130(5): 791–803. DOI: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000002638
  21. Wilson J.G., Calfee C.S. ARDS Subphenotypes: Understanding a Heterogeneous Syndrome. Crit Care. 2020; 24(1). DOI: 10.1186/S13054-020-2778-X
  22. Levine A.R., Calfee C.S. Subphenotypes of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Advancing Towards Precision Medicine. Tuberc Respir Dis (Seoul). 2024; 87(1): 1–11. DOI: 10.4046/TRD.2023.0104
  23. Sinha P., Furfaro D., Cummings M.J., et al. Latent Class Analysis Reveals COVID-19-related Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Subgroups with Differential Responses to Corticosteroids. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2021; 204(11): 1274–1285. DOI: 10.1164/RCCM.202105-1302OC
  24. Valda Toro P.L., Willmore A., Wu N.E., et al. Rapidly improving ARDS differs clinically and biologically from persistent ARDS. Crit Care. 2024; 28(1). DOI: 10.1186/S13054-024-04883-6
  25. Garber B.G., Hébert P.C., Yelle J.D., et al. Adult respiratory distress syndrome: a systemic overview of incidence and risk factors. Crit Care Med. 1996; 24(4): 687–695. DOI: 10.1097/00003246-199604000-00023
  26. Luhr O.R., Antonsen K, Karlsson M, et al. Incidence and mortality after acute respiratory failure and acute respiratory distress syndrome in Sweden, Denmark, and Iceland. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999; 159(6): 1849–1861. DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.159.6.9808136
  27. Roupie E., Lepage E., Wysocki M., et al. Prevalence, etiologies and outcome of the acute respiratory distress syndrome among hypoxemic ventilated patients. SRLF Collaborative Group on Mechanical Ventilation. Société de Réanimation de Langue Française. Intensive Care Med. 1999; 25(9): 920–929. DOI: 10.1007/s001340050983
  28. Madotto F., Pham T., Bellani G., et al. Resolved versus confirmed ARDS after 24 h: insights from the LUNG SAFE study. Intensive Care Med. 2018; 44(5): 564–577. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-018-5152-6
  29. Rubenfeld G.D., Caldwell E., Peabody E., et al. Incidence and Outcomes of Acute Lung Injury. New England Journal of Medicine. 2005; 353(16): 1685–1693. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa050333
  30. Gattinoni L., Van Haren F., Larsson A., et al. Epidemiology, Patterns of Care, and Mortality for Patients With Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Intensive Care Units in 50 Countries. JAMA. 2016; 315(8): 788–800. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2016.0291
  31. Кассиль В.Л., Выжигина М.А., Лескин Г.С. Искусственная и Вспомогательная Вентиляция Легких. Медицина; 2004. [Kassil V.L., Vyzhigina M.A., Leskin G.S. Artificial and Assisted Ventilation of the Lungs. Medicine; 2004. (In Russ)]
  32. Matthay M.A., Arabi Y., Arroliga A.C., et al. A New Global Definition of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2024; 209(1): 37–47. DOI: 10.1164/RCCM.202303-0558WS
  33. Fein A.M., Lippmann M., Holtzman H., et al. The risk factors, incidence, and prognosis of ARDS following septicemia. Chest. 1983; 83(1): 40–42. DOI: 10.1378/chest.83.1.40
  34. Iscimen R., Cartin-Ceba R., Yilmaz M., et al. Risk factors for the development of acute lung injury in patients with septic shock: An observational cohort study. Crit Care Med. 2008; 36(5): 1518–1522. DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e31816fc2c0
  35. Sheu C.C., Gong M.N., Zhai R., et al. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of sepsis-related vs non-sepsis-related ARDS. Chest. 2010; 138(3): 559–567. DOI: 10.1378/chest.09-2933
  36. Cortegiani A., Madotto F., Gregoretti C., et al. Immunocompromised patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: Secondary analysis of the LUNG SAFE database. Crit Care. 2018; 22(1): 157. DOI: 10.1186/s13054-018-2079-9
  37. Murphy C.V., Schramm G.E., Doherty J.A, et al. The importance of fluid management in acute lung injury secondary to septic shock. Chest. 2009; 136(1): 102–109. DOI: 10.1378/chest.08-2706
  38. Gajic O., Dara S.I., Mendez J.L., et al. Ventilator-associated lung injury in patients without acute lung injury at the onset of mechanical ventilation. Crit Care Med. 2004; 32(9): 1817–1824. DOI: 10.1097/01.ccm.0000133019.52531.30
  39. Esteban A., Fernández-Segoviano P., Frutos-Vivar F., et al. Comparison of clinical criteria for the acute respiratory distress syndrome with autopsy findings. Ann Intern Med. 2004; 141(6): 440–445. DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-141-6-200409210-00009
  40. Ferguson N.D., Frutos-Vivar F., Esteban A., et al. Acute respiratory distress syndrome: underrecognition by clinicians and diagnostic accuracy of three clinical definitions. Crit Care Med. 2005; 33(10): 2228–2234. DOI: 10.1097/01.ccm.0000181529.08630.49
  41. Dreyfuss D., Soler P., Basset G., Saumon G. High inflation pressure pulmonary edema. Respective effects of high airway pressure, high tidal volume, and positive end-expiratory pressure. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1988; 137(5): 1159–1164. DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm/137.5.1159
  42. Caironi P., Cressoni M., Chiumello D., et al. Lung Opening and Closing during Ventilation of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2010; 181(6): 578–586. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200905-0787OC
  43. Ярошецкий А.И., Проценко Д.Н., Ларин Е.С., Гельфанд Б.Р. Роль оценки статической петли «давление-объем» в дифференциальной диагностике и оптимизации параметров респираторной поддержки при паренхиматозной дыхательной недостаточности. Анестезиология и реаниматология. 2014; 2: 21–26. [Yaroshetsky A.I., Protsenko D.N., Larin E.S., Gelfand B.R. Signifacance of static pressure-volume loop for differential diagnostics and optimization of respiratory support in parenchymal respiratory failure. Anesthesiology and resuscitation. 2014; 2: 21–26. (In Russ)]
  44. Dreyfuss D., Saumon G. Ventilator-induced lung injury: Lessons from experimental studies. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998; 157(1): 294–323. DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.157.1.9604014
  45. Webb H.H., Tierney D.F. Experimental pulmonary edema due to intermittent positive pressure ventilation with high inflation pressures. Protection by positive end expiratory pressure. AMERREVRESPDIS. 1974; 110(5): 556–565. DOI: 10.1164/arrd.1974.110.5.556
  46. Pelosi P., Croci M., Ravagnan I., et al. The effects of body mass on lung volumes, respiratory mechanics, and gas exchange during general anesthesia. Anesth Analg. 1998; 87(3): 654–660. DOI: 10.1097/00000539-199809000-00031
  47. Ярошецкий А.И. Респираторная поддержка при гипоксемической острой дыхательной недостаточности: стратегия и тактика на основе оценки биомеханики дыхания: дис. ... д-ра мед. наук: 14.01.20 / Москва. https: //rusneb.ru/catalog/000199_000009_008587976/ [Yaroshetskiy A.I. Respiratory support in hypoxemic acute respiratory failure: strategy and tactics based on the assessment of respiratory biomechanics: Diss. ... Dr. of Medicine: 14.01.20 / Moscow. https: //rusneb.ru/catalog/000199_000009_008587976/ (In Russ)]
  48. D’Alonzo G.E., Dantzker D.R. Respiratory failure, mechanisms of abnormal gas exchange, and oxygen delivery. Med Clin North Am. 1983; 67(3): 557–571. DOI: 10.1016/s0025-7125(16)31189-0
  49. Ganapathy A., Adhikari N.K.J., Spiegelman J., Scales D.C. Routine chest x-rays in intensive care units: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care. 2012; 16(2): R68. DOI: 10.1186/cc11321
  50. Gattinoni L., Caironi P., Pelosi P., Goodman L.R. What has computed tomography taught us about the acute respiratory distress syndrome? Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001; 164(9): 1701–1711. DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.164.9.2103121
  51. Malbouisson L.M., Muller J.C., Constantin J.M., et al. Computed tomography assessment of positive end-expiratory pressure-induced alveolar recruitment in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001; 163(6): 1444–1450. DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.163.6.2005001
  52. Papazian L., Calfee C.S., Chiumello D., et al. Diagnostic workup for ARDS patients. Intensive Care Med. 2016; 42(5). DOI: 10.1007/s00134-016-4324-5
  53. Gattinoni L., Pesenti A. The concept of «baby lung». Intensive Care Med. 2005; 31(6): 776–784. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-005-2627-z
  54. Brunet F., Jeanbourquin D., Monchi M., et al. Should mechanical ventilation be optimized to blood gases, lung mechanics, or thoracic CT scan? Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995; 152(2): 524–530. DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.152.2.7633702
  55. Chiumello D., Marino A., Brioni M., et al. Lung Recruitment Assessed by Respiratory Mechanics and by CT Scan: What is the Relationship? Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2016; 193(11): 1254-1263. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201507-1413OC
  56. Goodman L.R., Fumagalli R., Tagliabue P., et al. Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome Due to Pulmonary and Extrapulmonary Causes: CT, Clinical, and Functional Correlations1. Radiology. 1999; 213(2): 545–552. DOI: 10.1148/radiology.213.2.r99nv42545
  57. Bellani G., Mauri T., Pesenti A. Imaging in acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2012; 18(1): 29–34. DOI: 10.1097/MCC.0b013e32834eb47d
  58. Lichtenstein D., Goldstein I., Mourgeon E. Comparative diagnostic performances of auscultation, chest radiography, and lung ultrasonography in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Anesthesiology. 2004; 100(1): 9–15. DOI: 10.1097/00000542-200401000-00006
  59. Smit M.R., Hagens L.A., Heijnen N.F.L., et al. Lung Ultrasound Prediction Model for Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: A Multicenter Prospective Observational Study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2023; 207(12): 1591–1601. DOI: 10.1164/RCCM.202210-1882OC
  60. Hall J.E. Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology. 13th ed. Elsevier; 2015.
  61. Rice T.W., Wheeler A.P., Bernard G.R., et al. Comparison of the SpO2/FIO2 ratio and the PaO2/FIO2 ratio in patients with acute lung injury or ARDS. Chest. 2007; 132(2): 410–417. DOI: 10.1378/chest.07-0617
  62. Ashbaugh David G., Boyd Bigelow D., Petty Thomas L., Levine Bernard E. Acute respiratory distress in adults. The Lancet. 1967; 290(7511): 319–323. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(67)90168-7
  63. Murray J.F., Matthay M.A., Luce J.M., Flick M.R. An expanded definition of the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1988; 138(3): 720–723. DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm/138.3.720
  64. Bernard G.R., Artigas A., Brigham K.L., et al. The American-European Consensus Conference on ARDS: Definitions, mechanisms, relevant outcomes, and clinical trial coordination. In: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. Vol. 149. American Thoracic Society; 1994: 818–824. DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.149.3.7509706
  65. Ranieri V.M., Rubenfeld G.D., Thompson B.T., et al. Acute respiratory distress syndrome: the Berlin Definition. JAMA. 2012; 307(23): 2526–2533. DOI: 10.1001/JAMA.2012.5669
  66. Thille A.W., Esteban A., Fernández-Segoviano P., et al. Comparison of the berlin definition for acute respiratory distress syndrome with autopsy. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013; 187(7): 761–767. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201211-1981OC
  67. Guerin C., Bayle F., Leray V., et al. Open lung biopsy in nonresolving ARDS frequently identifies diffuse alveolar damage regardless of the severity stage and may have implications for patient management. Intensive Care Med. 2015; 41(2): 222–230. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-014-3583-2
  68. Ferguson N.D., Davis A.M., Slutsky A.S., Stewart T.E. Development of a clinical definition for acute respiratory distress syndrome using the Delphi technique. J Crit Care. 2005; 20(2): 147–154. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2005.03.001
  69. Amato M.B.P., Meade M.O., Slutsky A.S., et al. Driving pressure and survival in the acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2015; 372(8): 747–755. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMsa1410639
  70. Pelosi P., D’Onofrio D., Chiumello D., et al. Pulmonary and extrapulmonary acute respiratory distress syndrome are different. Eur Respir J Suppl. 2003; 42: 48s–56s. DOI: 10.1183/09031936.03.00420803
  71. Cressoni M., Cadringher P., Chiurazzi C., et al. Lung Inhomogeneity in Patients with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013; 189(2). DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201308-1567OC
  72. Moss M., Goodman P.L., Heinig M., et al. Establishing the relative accuracy of three new definitions of the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care Med. 1995; 23(10): 1629–1637. DOI: 10.1097/00003246-199510000-00006
  73. Blankman P., Shono A., Hermans B.J.M., et al. Detection of optimal PEEP for equal distribution of tidal volume by volumetric capnography and electrical impedance tomography during decreasing levels of PEEP in post cardiac-surgery patients. Br J Anaesth. 2016; 116(6): 862–869. DOI: 10.1093/bja/aew116
  74. Chiumello D., Cressoni M., Carlesso E., et al. Bedside selection of positive end-expiratory pressure in mild, moderate, and severe acute respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care Med. 2014; 42(2): 252–264. DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3182a6384f
  75. Gattinoni L., Carlesso E., Cressoni M. Selecting the ‘right’ positive end-expiratory pressure level. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2015; 21(1): 50–57. DOI: 10.1097/MCC.0000000000000166
  76. Kuzkov V.V., Kirov M.Y., Sovershaev M.A., et al. Extravascular lung water determined with single transpulmonary thermodilution correlates with the severity of sepsis-induced acute lung injury. Crit Care Med. 2006; 34(6): 1647–1653. DOI: 10.1097/01.CCM.0000218817.24208.2E
  77. Talmor D., Sarge T., O’Donnell C.R., et al. Esophageal and transpulmonary pressures in acute respiratory failure. Crit Care Med. 2006; 34(5): 1389–1394. DOI: 10.1097/01.CCM.0000215515.49001.A2
  78. Кузьков В.В., Сметкин А.А., Суборов Е.В., Бьертнес Л.Я. Внесосудистая вода легких и рекрутмент альвеол у пациентов с острым респираторным дистресс-синдромом. Вестник анестезиологии и реаниматологии. 2012; 9(2): 15–21. [Kuzkov V.V., Smetkin A.A., Suborov E.V., Bjertnes L.Ya. Extravascular pulmonary water and alveolar recruitment in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Messenger of Anesthesiology and Resusscitation. 2012; 9(2): 15–21. (In Russ)]
  79. Vieira S.R.R., Puybasset L., Lu Q., et al. A scanographic assessment of pulmonary morphology in acute lung injury: Significance of the lower inflection point detected on the lung pressure- volume curve. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999; 159(5 I): 1612–1623. DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.159.5.9805112
  80. Loring S.H., O’Donnell C.R., Behazin N., et al. Esophageal pressures in acute lung injury: do they represent artifact or useful information about transpulmonary pressure, chest wall mechanics, and lung stress? J Appl Physiol (1985). 2010; 108(3): 515–522. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00835.2009
  81. Silva P.L., Pelosi P., Rocco P.R.M. Optimal mechanical ventilation strategies to minimize ventilator-induced lung injury in non-injured and injured lungs. Expert Rev Respir Med. 2016; 10(12): 1–3. DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2016.1251842
  82. West J.B., Luks A. West’s Respiratory Physiology: The Essentials. 10th ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2016.
  83. Gulati G., Novero A., Loring S.H., Talmor D. Pleural pressure and optimal positive end-expiratory pressure based on esophageal pressure versus chest wall elastance: incompatible results. Crit Care Med. 2013; 41(8): 1951–1957. DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e31828a3de5
  84. Gattinoni L., Vagginelli F., Chiumello D., et al. Physiologic rationale for ventilator setting in acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome patients. Crit Care Med. 2003; 31(4 Suppl): S300–S304. DOI: 10.1097/01.CCM.0000057907.46502.7B
  85. Beitler J.R., Sarge T., Banner-Goodspeed V.M., et al. Effect of Titrating Positive End-Expiratory Pressure (PEEP) With an Esophageal Pressure-Guided Strategy vs an Empirical High PEEP-FiO2 Strategy on Death and Days Free From Mechanical Ventilation Among Patients With Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2019; 321(9): 846–857. DOI: 10.1001/JAMA.2019.0555
  86. Николаенко Э.М. Управление функцией легких в ранний период после протезирования клапанов сердца. — Диссертация на соискание ученой степнеи доктора медицинских наук. М., 1989. 504 с. [Nikolaenko E.M. Management of lung function in the early period after heart valve replacement. — Dissertation for the academic degree of Doctor of Medical Sciences. M., 1989. 504 p. (In Russ)]
  87. Ярошецкий А.И., Проценко Д.Н., Бойцов П.В. и др. Оптимальное положительное конечно-экспираторное давление при ОРДС у больных гриппом а(H1N1)pdm09: баланс между максимумом конечно-экспираторного объема и минимумом перераздувания альвеол. Анестезиология и реаниматология. 2016; 61(6): 425–432. [Yaroshetskiy A.I., Protsenko D.N., Boytsov P.V., et al. Optimal positive end-expiratory pressure in ARDS in patients with influenza a(H1N1)pdm09: balance between maximum end-expiratory volume and minimal alveolar overinflation. Anesthesiology and resuscitation. 2016; 61(6): 425–432. (In Russ)]
  88. Thille A.W., Richard J.C.M., Maggiore S.M., et al. Alveolar Recruitment in Pulmonary and Extrapulmonary Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Comparison Using Pressure-Volume Curve or Static Compliance. The Journal of the American Society of Anesthesiologists. 2007; 106(2): 212–217.
  89. Кузьков В.В., Киров М.Ю., Вэрхауг К., Аав А. Оценка современных методов измерения внесосудистой воды легких и аэрации при негомогенном повреждении легких (экспериментальное исследование). Анестезиология и реаниматология. 2007; 3: 42–45. [Kuzkov V.V., Kirov M.Y., Verhaug K., Aav A. Evaluation of modern methods for measuring extravascular lung water and aeration in non-homogeneous lung injury (experimental study). Anesthesiology and reanimatology. 2007; 3: 42–45. (In Russ)]
  90. Zhang J.C., Chu Y.F., Zeng J., et al. Effect of continuous high-volume hemofiltration in patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome. Chinese Critical Care Medicine. 2013; 25(3): 145–148. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.2095-4352.2013.03.007
  91. Bein T., Grasso S., Moerer O., et al. The standard of care of patients with ARDS: ventilatory settings and rescue therapies for refractory hypoxemia. Intensive Care Med. 2016; 42(5): 699–711. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-016-4325-4
  92. Xie J., Yang J. Effect of continuous high-volume hemofiltration on patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. Zhongguo Wei Zhong Bing Ji Jiu Yi Xue. 2009; 21(7): 402–404.Chinese.
  93. Jimenez J.V., Weirauch A.J., Culter C.A., et al. Electrical Impedance Tomography in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Management. Crit Care Med. 2022; 50(8): 1210–1223. DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000005582
  94. Songsangvorn N., Xu Y., Lu C., et al. Electrical impedance tomography-guided positive end-expiratory pressure titration in ARDS: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med. 2024; 50(5): 617–631. DOI: 10.1007/S00134-024-07362-2
  95. Власенко А.В., Голубев А.М., Мороз В.В., Яковлев В.Н. Дифференцированное лечение острого респираторного дистресс-синдрома. Общая реаниматология. 2011; VII(4): 5–14. [Vlasenko A.V., Golubev A.M., Moroz V.V., Yakovlev V.N. Differentiated treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome. General Reanimatology. 2011; VII(4): 5–14. (In Russ)]
  96. Combes A., Hajage D., Capellier G., et al. Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. New England Journal of Medicine. 2018; 378(21): 1965–1975. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1800385
  97. Frat J.P., Coudroy R., Marjanovic N., Thille A.W. High-flow nasal oxygen therapy and noninvasive ventilation in the management of acute hypoxemic respiratory failure. Ann Transl Med. 2017; 5(14): 297–297. DOI: 10.21037/atm.2017.06.52
  98. Protti A., Andreis D.T., Iapichino G.E., et al. Ventilation with Lower Tidal Volumes as Compared with Traditional Tidal Volumes for Acute Lung Injury and the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. New England Journal of Medicine. 2000; 342(18): 1301–1308. DOI: 10.1056/NEJM200005043421801
  99. Stéphan F., Barrucand B., Petit P., et al. High-Flow Nasal Oxygen vs Noninvasive Positive Airway Pressure in Hypoxemic Patients After Cardiothoracic Surgery. JAMA. 2015; 313(23): 2331–2339. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2015.5213
  100. Michael J.R., Barton R.G., Saffle J.R., et al. Inhaled nitric oxide versus conventional therapy: Effect on oxygenation in ARDS. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998; 157(5) (PART I): 1372–1380. DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.157.5.96-10089
  101. Gerlach M., Keh D., Gerlach H. Inhaled nitric oxide for acute respiratory distress syndrome. In: Respiratory Care. Vol. 44.; 1999: 184–192. DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.157.5.9707090
  102. Lundin S., Mang H., Smithies M., et al. Inhalation of nitric oxide in acute lung injury: Results of a European multicentre study. Intensive Care Med. 1999; 25(9): 911–919. DOI: 10.1007/s001340050982
  103. Kallet R.H. Evidence-based management of acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Respir Care. 2004; 49(7): 793–809. DOI: 10.1097/01.CCM.0000104946.66723.A8
  104. Vieillard-Baron A., Matthay M., Teboul J.L., et al. Expert’s opinion on management of hemodynamics in ARDS patients: focus on the effects of mechanical ventilation. Intensive Care Med. 2016; 42(5): 739–749. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-016-4326-3
  105. Chen X., Ye J., Zhu Z., et al. Evaluation of high volume hemofiltration according to pulse-indicated continuous cardiac output on patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Zhonghua Wei Zhong Bing Ji Jiu Yi Xue. 2014; 26(9): 650–654. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.2095-4352.2014.09.009
  106. Meade M.O., Cook D.J., Guyatt G.H., et al. Ventilation strategy using low tidal volumes, recruitment maneuvers, and high positive end-expiratory pressure for acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2008; 299(6): 637–645. DOI: 10.1001/jama.299.6.637
  107. McClave S.A., Taylor B.E., Martindale R.G., et al. Guidelines for the Provision and Assessment of Nutrition Support Therapy in the Adult Critically Ill Patient: Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM) and American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (A.S.P.E.N.). Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. 2016; 40(2): 159–211. DOI: 10.1177/0148607115621863
  108. Singer P., Reintam Blaser A., Berger M.M., et al. ESPEN guideline on clinical nutrition in the intensive care unit. Clinical Nutrition. 2019; 38: 48–79. DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2018.08.037
  109. Antonelli M., Conti G., Esquinas A., et al. A multiple-center survey on the use in clinical practice of noninvasive ventilation as a first-line intervention for acute respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care Med. 2007; 35(1): 18–25. DOI: 10.1097/01.CCM.0000251821.44259.F3
  110. Parsons P.E., Eisner M.D., Thompson B.T., et al. Lower tidal volume ventilation and plasma cytokine markers of inflammation in patients with acute lung injury. Crit Care Med. 2005; 33(1): 1–6; discussion 230-2. DOI: 10.1097/01.ccm.0000149854.61192.dc.
  111. McMullen S.M., Meade M., Rose L., et al. Partial ventilatory support modalities in acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome-A systematic review. PLoS One. 2012; 7(8): e40190. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040190
  112. Brower R.G., Lanken P.N., MacIntyre N., et al. Higher versus Lower Positive End-Expiratory Pressures in Patients with the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. New England Journal of Medicine. 2004; 351(4): 327–336. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa032193
  113. Kangelaris K.N., Ware L.B., Wang C.Y., et al. Timing of intubation and clinical outcomes in adults with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care Med. 2016; 44(1): 120–129. DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000001359
  114. Demoule A., Girou E., Richard J.C., Taille S., Brochard L. Benefits and risks of success or failure of noninvasive ventilation. Intensive Care Med. 2006; 32(11): 1756–1765. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-006-0324-1
  115. Slutsky A.S. Mechanical ventilation. American College of Chest Physicians' Consensus Conference. Chest. 1993; 104(6): 1833–1859. DOI: 10.1378/chest.104.6.1833
  116. Miguel-Montanes R., Hajage D., Messika J., et al. Use of High-Flow Nasal Cannula Oxygen Therapy to Prevent Desaturation During Tracheal Intubation of Intensive Care Patients With Mild-to-Moderate Hypoxemia. Crit Care Med. 2015; 43(3): 574–583. DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000000743
  117. Simon M., Wachs C., Braune S., de Heer G, et al. High-flow nasal cannula versus bag-valve-mask for preoxygenation before intubation in subjects with hypoxemic respiratory failure. Respir Care. 2016; 61(9): 1160–1167. DOI: 10.4187/respcare.04413
  118. Peters S.G., Holets S.R., Gay P.C. Nasal High Flow Oxygen Therapy in Do-Not-Intubate Patients With Hypoxemic Respiratory Distress. Respir Care. 2012; 58(4): 597–600. DOI: 10.4187/respcare.01887
  119. Vargas F., Saint-Leger M., Boyer A., et al. Physiologic effects of high-flow nasal Cannula oxygen in critical care subjects. Respir Care. 2015; 60(10): 1369–1376. DOI: 10.4187/respcare.03814
  120. Barrot L., Asfar P., Mauny F., et al. Liberal or Conservative Oxygen Therapy for Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2020; 382(11): 999. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1916431
  121. Girardis M., Busani S., Damiani E., et al. Effect of Conservative vs Conventional Oxygen Therapy on Mortality Among Patients in an Intensive Care Unit: The Oxygen-ICU Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2016; 316(15). DOI: 10.1001/jama.2016.11993
  122. Barcroft J., Camis M. The dissociation curve of blood. J Physiol. 1909; 39(2): 118–142. DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.1909.sp001330
  123. Semler M.W., Casey J.D., Lloyd B.D., et al. Oxygen-Saturation Targets for Critically Ill Adults Receiving Mechanical Ventilation. N Engl J Med. 2022; 387(19): 1759–1769. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMOA2208415
  124. van der Wal L.I., Grim C.C.A., del Prado M.R., et al. Conservative versus Liberal Oxygenation Targets in Intensive Care Unit Patients (ICONIC): A Randomized Clinical Trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2023; 208(7): 770–779. DOI: 10.1164/RCCM.202303-0560OC
  125. Tyagi S., Brown C.A., Dickson R.P., Sjoding M.W. Outcomes and Predictors of Severe Hyperoxemia in Patients Receiving Mechanical Ventilation: A Single-Center Cohort Study. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2022; 19(8): 1338–1345. DOI: 10.1513/ANNALSATS.202107-804OC
  126. Aggarwal N.R., Brower R.G., Hager D.N, et al. Oxygen Exposure Resulting in Arterial Oxygen Tensions Above the Protocol Goal Was Associated With Worse Clinical Outcomes in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Crit Care Med. 2018; 46(4): 517–524. DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000002886
  127. Hofmann R., James S.K., Jernberg T., et al. Oxygen therapy in suspected acute myocardial infarction. New England Journal of Medicine. 2017; 377(13): 1240–1249. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1706222
  128. Damiani E., Adrario E., Girardis M., et al. Arterial hyperoxia and mortality in critically ill patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care. 2014; 18(6): 711. DOI: 10.1186/s13054-014-0711-x
  129. Roffe C., Nevatte T., Sim J., et al. Effect of routine low-dose oxygen supplementation on death and disability in adults with acute stroke: The stroke oxygen study randomized clinical trial. JAMA - Journal of the American Medical Association. 2017; 318(12): 1125–1135. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2017.11463
  130. Elmer J., Scutella M., Pullalarevu R., et al. The association between hyperoxia and patient outcomes after cardiac arrest: analysis of a high-resolution database. Intensive Care Med. 2015; 41(1): 49–57. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-014-3555-6
  131. Page D., Ablordeppey E., Wessman B.T., et al. Emergency department hyperoxia is associated with increased mortality in mechanically ventilated patients: A cohort study. Crit Care. 2018; 22(1): 9. DOI: 10.1186/s13054-017-1926-4
  132. Pollack C.V., Diercks D.B., Roe M.T., Peterson E.D. 2004 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines for the management of patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction: Implications for emergency department practice. Ann Emerg Med. 2005; 45(4): 363–376. DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2004.11.003
  133. Arntz H.R., Bossaert L., Filippatos G.S. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2005: Section 5. Initial management of acute coronary syndromes. In: Resuscitation. Vol. 67.; 2005: S87–96. DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2005.10.003
  134. Tolias C.M., Reinert M., Seiler R, et al. Normobaric hyperoxia-induced improvement in cerebral metabolism and reduction in intracranial pressure in patients with severe head injury: A prospective historical cohort-matched study. J Neurosurg. 2004; 101(3): 435–444. DOI: 10.3171/jns.2004.101.3.0435
  135. Menzel M., Doppenberg E.M.R., Zauner A., et al. Cerebral oxygenation in patients after severe head injury: Monitoring and effects of arterial hyperoxia on cerebral blood flow, metabolism, and intracranial pressure. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 1999; 11(4): 240–251. DOI: 10.1097/00008506-199910000-00003
  136. Rockswold S.B., Rockswold G.L., Zaun D.A., Liu J. A prospective, randomized Phase II clinical trial to evaluate the effect of combined hyperbaric and normobaric hyperoxia on cerebral metabolism, intracranial pressure, oxygen toxicity, and clinical outcome in severe traumatic brain injury. J Neurosurg. 2013; 118(6): 1317–1328. DOI: 10.3171/2013.2.JNS121468
  137. Taher A., Pilehvari Z., Poorolajal J., Aghajanloo M. Effects of normobaric hyperoxia in traumatic brain injury: A randomized controlled clinical trial. Trauma Mon. 2016; 21(1). DOI: 10.5812/traumamon.26772
  138. Quintard H., Patet C., Suys T., et al. Normobaric Hyperoxia is Associated with Increased Cerebral Excitotoxicity After Severe Traumatic Brain Injury. Neurocrit Care. 2015; 22(2): 243–250. DOI: 10.1007/s12028-014-0062-0
  139. Timofeev I., Carpenter K.L.H., Nortje J., et al. Cerebral extracellular chemistry and outcome following traumatic brain injury: a microdialysis study of 223 patients. Brain. 2011; 134(Pt 2): 484–494. DOI: 10.1093/brain/awq353
  140. Nin N., Muriel A., Peñuelas O., et al. Severe hypercapnia and outcome of mechanically ventilated patients with moderate or severe acute respiratory distress syndrome. Intensive Care Med. 2017; 43(2): 200–208. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-016-4611-1
  141. Mekontso Dessap A., Boissier F., Charron C., et al. Acute cor pulmonale during protective ventilation for acute respiratory distress syndrome: prevalence, predictors, and clinical impact. Intensive Care Med. 2016; 42(5): 862–870. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-015-4141-2
  142. Tiruvoipati R., Pilcher D., Buscher H., et al. Effects of Hypercapnia and Hypercapnic Acidosis on Hospital Mortality in Mechanically Ventilated Patients. Crit Care Med. 2017; 45(7): e649–e656. DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000002332
  143. Schnader J.Y., Juan G., Howell J.S. Arterial CO2 partial pressure affects diaphragmatic function. J Appl Physiol. 1985; 58(3): 823–829. DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1985.58.3.823
  144. Mador M.J., Wendel T., Kufel T.J. Effect of acute hypercapnia on diaphragmatic and limb muscle contractility. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997; 155(5): 1590–1595. DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.155.5.9154862
  145. Rafferty G.F., Lou Harris M., Polkey M.I., et al. Effect of hypercapnia on maximal voluntary ventilation and diaphragm fatigue in normal humans. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999; 160(5 I): 1567–1571. DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.160.5.9801114
  146. Juan G., Calverley P., Talamo C., et al. Effect of Carbon Dioxide on Diaphragmatic Function in Human Beings. New England Journal of Medicine. 1984; 310(14): 874–879. DOI: 10.1056/NEJM198404053101402
  147. Briva A., Vadász I., Lecuona E., et al. High CO2 levels impair alveolar epithelial function independently of pH. PLoS One. 2007; 2(11): e1238. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001238
  148. Doerr C.H., Gajic O., Berrios J.C., et al. Hypercapnic acidosis impairs plasma membrane wound reseating in ventilator-injured lungs. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005; 171(12): 1371–1377. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200309-1223OC
  149. Chiu S., Kanter J., Sun H., et al. Effects of Hypercapnia in Lung Tissue Repair and Transplant. Curr Transplant Rep. 2015; 2(1): 98–103. DOI: 10.1007/s40472-014-0047-0
  150. Dixon D.L., Barr H.A., Bersten A.D., Doyle I.R. Intracellular storage of surfactant and proinflammatory cytokines in co-cultured alveolar epithelium and macrophages in response to increasing CO2 and cyclic cell stretch. Exp Lung Res. 2008; 34(1): 37–47. DOI: 10.1080/01902140701807928
  151. Tobin M.J., ed. Principles and Practice of Mechanical Ventilation. 3rd ed. McGraw-Hill Medical; 2013.
  152. Chatburn R.L., ed. Fundamentals of Mechanical Ventilation: A Short Course on the Theory and Application of Mechanical Ventilators. 1st ed. Mandu Press Ltd.; 2003.
  153. Гриппи М.А. Патофизиология легких: пер. с англ. / М.А. Гриппи; под ред. Ю.В. Наточина, 2001. 318 с. [Grippi M.A. Pathophysiology of the lungs: trans. from English / M.A. Grippi; edited by Yu.V. Natochin, 2001. 318 p. (In Russ)]
  154. Putensen C., Muders T., Varelmann D., Wrigge H. The impact of spontaneous breathing during mechanical ventilation. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2006; 12(1): 13–18. DOI: 10.1097/01.ccx.0000198994.37319.60
  155. Putensen C., Mutz N.J., Putensen-Himmer G., Zinserling J. Spontaneous breathing during ventilatory support improves ventilation-perfusion distributions in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999; 159(4 Pt 1): 1241–1248. DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.159.4.9806077
  156. Demoule A, Jung B, Prodanovic H, et al. Diaphragm dysfunction on admission to the intensive care unit. Prevalence, risk factors, and prognostic impact-a prospective study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013; 188(2): 213–219. DOI: 10.1164/RCCM.201209-1668OC
  157. Hudson M.B., Smuder A.J., Nelson W.B., et al. Both high level pressure support ventilation and controlled mechanical ventilation induce diaphragm dysfunction and atrophy. Crit Care Med. 2012; 40(4): 1254–1260. DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e31823c8cc9
  158. Jaber S., Petrof B.J., Jung B., et al. Rapidly progressive diaphragmatic weakness and injury during mechanical ventilation in humans. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011; 183(3): 364–371. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201004-0670OC
  159. Jung B., Nougaret S., Conseil M., et al. Sepsis is associated with a preferential diaphragmatic atrophy: A critically ill patient study using tridimensional computed tomography. Anesthesiology. 2014; 120(5): 1182–1191. DOI: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000000201
  160. Beitler J.R., Sands S.A., Loring S.H., et al. Quantifying unintended exposure to high tidal volumes from breath stacking dyssynchrony in ARDS: the BREATHE criteria. Intensive Care Med. 2016; 42(9): 1427–1436. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-016-4423-3
  161. Pohlman M.C., McCallister K.E., Schweickert W.D., et al. Excessive tidal volume from breath stacking during lung-protective ventilation for acute lung injury. Crit Care Med. 2008; 36(11): 3019–3023. DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e31818b308b
  162. Thille A.W., Rodriguez P., Cabello B., et al. Patient-ventilator asynchrony during assisted mechanical ventilation. Intensive Care Med. 2006; 32(10): 1515–1522. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-006-0301-8
  163. Yoshida T., Uchiyama A., Matsuura N., et al. Spontaneous breathing during lung-protective ventilation in an experimental acute lung injury model: High transpulmonary pressure associated with strong spontaneous breathing effort may worsen lung injury. Crit Care Med. 2012; 40(5): 1578–1585. DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3182451c40
  164. Yoshida T., Uchiyama A., Matsuura N., et al. The comparison of spontaneous breathing and muscle paralysis in two different severities of experimental lung injury. Crit Care Med. 2013; 41(2): 536–545. DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3182711972
  165. Xirouchaki N., Kondili E., Vaporidi K., et al. Proportional assist ventilation with load-adjustable gain factors in critically ill patients: Comparison with pressure support. Intensive Care Med. 2008; 34(11): 2026–2034. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-008-1209-2
  166. Kondili E., Prinianakis G., Alexopoulou C., et al. Respiratory load compensation during mechanical ventilation - Proportional assist ventilation with load-adjustable gain factors versus pressure support. Intensive Care Med. 2006; 32(5): 692–699. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-006-0110-0
  167. Perkins G.D., Ji C., Connolly B.A., et al. Effect of Noninvasive Respiratory Strategies on Intubation or Mortality Among Patients With Acute Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure and COVID-19: The RECOVERY-RS Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2022; 327(6): 546–558. DOI: 10.1001/JAMA.2022.0028
  168. Le Terrier C., Sigaud F., Lebbah S., et al. Early prone positioning in acute respiratory distress syndrome related to COVID-19: a propensity score analysis from the multicentric cohort COVID-ICU network-the ProneCOVID study. Crit Care. 2022; 26(1). DOI: 10.1186/S13054-022-03949-7
  169. Cammarota G., Esposito T., Azzolina D., et al. Noninvasive respiratory support outside the intensive care unit for acute respiratory failure related to coronavirus-19 disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care. 2021; 25(1). DOI: 10.1186/S13054-021-03697-0
  170. Patel B.K., Wolfe K.S., Pohlman A.S., et al. Effect of Noninvasive Ventilation Delivered by Helmet vs Face Mask on the Rate of Endotracheal Intubation in Patients With Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2016; 315(22): 2435–2441. DOI: 10.1001/JAMA.2016.6338
  171. Ruzsics I., Matrai P., Hegyi P., et al. Noninvasive ventilation improves the outcome in patients with pneumonia-associated respiratory failure: Systematic review and meta-analysis. J Infect Public Health. 2022; 15(3): 349–359. DOI: 10.1016/J.JIPH.2022.02.004
  172. Grieco D.L., Menga L.S., Cesarano M., et al. Effect of Helmet Noninvasive Ventilation vs High-Flow Nasal Oxygen on Days Free of Respiratory Support in Patients With COVID-19 and Moderate to Severe Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure: The HENIVOT Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2021; 325(17): 1731–1743. DOI: 10.1001/JAMA.2021.4682
  173. Tsolaki V.S., Zakynthinos G.E., Mantzarlis K.D., et al. Driving Pressure in COVID-19 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Is Associated with Respiratory Distress Duration before Intubation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2021; 204(4): 478–481. DOI: 10.1164/RCCM.202101-0234LE
  174. Duan J., Yang J., Jiang L., et al. Prediction of noninvasive ventilation failure using the ROX index in patients with de novo acute respiratory failure. Ann Intensive Care. 2022; 12(1). DOI: 10.1186/S13613-022-01085-7
  175. Roca O., Caralt B., Messika J., et al. An Index Combining Respiratory Rate and Oxygenation to Predict Outcome of Nasal High-Flow Therapy. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019; 199(11): 1368–1376. DOI: 10.1164/RCCM.201803-0589OC
  176. Tonna J.E., Abrams D., Brodie D., et al. Management of Adult Patients Supported with Venovenous Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (VV ECMO): Guideline from the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization (ELSO). ASAIO J. 2021; 67(6): 601–610. DOI: 10.1097/MAT.0000000000001432
  177. Yaroshetskiy A.I., Merzhoeva Z.M., Tsareva N.A., et al. Breathing pattern, accessory respiratory muscles work, and gas exchange evaluation for prediction of NIV failure in moderate-to-severe COVID-19-associated ARDS after deterioration of respiratory failure outside ICU: the COVID-NIV observational study. BMC Anesthesiol. 2022; 22(1). DOI: 10.1186/S12871-022-01847-7
  178. Yau C.E., Lee D.Y.X., Vasudevan A., et al. Performance of the ROX index in predicting high flow nasal cannula failure in COVID-19 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care. 2023; 27(1). DOI: 10.1186/S13054-023-04567-7
  179. Lellouche F., Dionne S., Simard S., et al. High tidal volumes in mechanically ventilated patients increase organ dysfunction after cardiac surgery. Anesthesiology. 2012; 116(5): 1072–1082. DOI: 10.1097/ALN.0b013e3182522df5
  180. Serpa Neto A., Cardoso S.O., Manetta J.A., et al. Association Between Use of Lung-Protective Ventilation With Lower Tidal Volumes and Clinical Outcomes Among Patients Without Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. JAMA. 2012; 308(16): 1651. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2012.13730
  181. MacIntyre N.R. Evidence-based guidelines for weaning and discontinuing ventilatory support: A collective task force facilitated by the American college of chest physicians; the American association for respiratory care; and the American college of critical medicine. Chest. 2001; 120(6 suppl.). DOI: 10.1378/chest.120.6_suppl.375s
  182. Kacmarek R.M., Kirmse M., Nishimura M., et al. The effects of applied vs auto-PEEP on local lung unit pressure and volume in a four-unit lung model. Chest. 1995; 108(4): 1073–1079. DOI: 10.1378/chest.108.4.1073
  183. Froese A.B., Bryan A.C. Effects of anesthesia and paralysis on diaphragmatic mechanics in man. Anesthesiology. 1974; 41(3): 242–255. DOI: 10.1097/00000542-197409000-00006
  184. van Haren F., Pham T., Brochard L., et al. Spontaneous Breathing in Early Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Insights From the Large Observational Study to UNderstand the Global Impact of Severe Acute Respiratory FailurE Study. Crit Care Med. 2019; 47(2): 229–238. DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000003519
  185. Thille A.W., Cabello B., Galia F., et al. Reduction of patient-ventilator asynchrony by reducing tidal volume during pressure-support ventilation. Intensive Care Med. 2008; 34(8): 1477–1486. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-008-1121-9
  186. Prinianakis G., Kondili E., Georgopoulos D. Effects of the flow waveform method of triggering and cycling on patient-ventilator interaction during pressure support. Intensive Care Med. 2003; 29(11): 1950–1959. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-003-1703-5
  187. Leung P., Jubran A., Tobin M.J. Comparison of assisted ventilator modes on triggering, patient effort, and dyspnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997; 155(6): 1940–1948. DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.155.6.9196100
  188. Thille A.W., Lyazidi A., Richard J.C.M., et al. A bench study of intensive-care-unit ventilators: New versus old and turbine-based versus compressed gas-based ventilators. Intensive Care Med. 2009; 35(8): 1368–1376. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-009-1467-7
  189. Sassoon C.S.H. Triggering of the ventilator in patient-ventilator interactions. Respir Care. 2011; 56(1): 39–48. DOI: 10.4187/respcare.01006
  190. Chiumello D., Pelosi P., Taccone P., et al. Effect of different inspiratory rise time and cycling off criteria during pressure support ventilation in patients recovering from acute lung injury. Crit Care Med. 2003; 31(11): 2604–2610. DOI: 10.1097/01.CCM.0000089939.11032.36
  191. Chiumello D., Polli F., Tallarini F., et al. Effect of different cycling-off criteria and positive end-expiratory pressure during pressure support ventilation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Crit Care Med. 2007; 35(11): 2547–2552. DOI: 10.1097/01.CCM.0000287594.80110.34
  192. Forel J.M., Roch A., Marin V., et al. Neuromuscular blocking agents decrease inflammatory response in patients presenting with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care Med. 2006; 34(11): 2749–2757. DOI: 10.1097/01.CCM.0000239435.87433.0D
  193. Gainnier M., Roch A., Forel J.M., et al. Effect of neuromuscular blocking agents on gas exchange in patients presenting with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care Med. 2004; 32(1): 113–119. DOI: 10.1097/01.CCM.0000104114.72614.BC
  194. Papazian L., Forel J.M., Gacouin A., et al. Neuromuscular blockers in early acute respiratory distress syndrome. New England Journal of Medicine. 2010; 363(12): 1107–1116. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1005372
  195. Borges J.B., Okamoto V.N., Matos G.F.J., et al. Reversibility of lung collapse and hypoxemia in early acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2006; 174(3): 268–278. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200506-976OC
  196. de Matos G.F., Stanzani F., Passos R.H., et al. How large is the lung recruitability in early acute respiratory distress syndrome: a prospective case series of patients monitored by computed tomography. Crit Care. 2012; 16(1): R4. DOI: 10.1186/cc10602
  197. Gattinoni L., Caironi P., Cressoni M., et al. Lung Recruitment in Patients with the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. New England Journal of Medicine. 2006; 354(17): 1775–1786. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa052052
  198. Bouhemad B., Brisson H., Le-Guen M., et al. Bedside ultrasound assessment of positive end-expiratory pressure–induced lung recruitment. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011; 183(3): 341–347. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201003-0369OC
  199. Regli A., Pelosi P., Malbrain M.L.N.G. Ventilation in patients with intra-abdominal hypertension: what every critical care physician needs to know. Ann Intensive Care. 2019; 9(1): 52. DOI: 10.1186/s13613-019-0522-y
  200. Yang Y., Li Y., Liu S.Q., et al. Positive end expiratory pressure titrated by transpulmonary pressure improved oxygenation and respiratory mechanics in acute respiratory distress syndrome patients with intra-abdominal hypertension. Chin Med J (Engl). 2013; 126(17): 3234–3239.
  201. Храпов К.Н. Респираторная поддержка при тяжелой пневмонии : дис. … д-ра мед. наук: 14.01.20 / СПб., 2011. http: //www.dslib.net/anestezia/respiratornaja-podderzhka-pri-tjazheloj-pnevmonii.html [Khrapov K.N. Respiratory Support in Severe Pneumonia: Dissertation. … Dr. of Medicine: 14.01.20 / St. Petersburg; 2011. http: //www.dslib.net/anestezia/respiratornaja-podderzhka-pri-tjazheloj-pnevmonii.html (In Russ)]
  202. Власенко А.В., Мороз В.В., Яковлев В.Н. и др. Выбор способа оптимизации ПДКВ у больных с острым респираторным дистресс-синдромом. Общая реаниматология. 2012; VIII(1): 13–21. DOI: 10.15360/1813-9779-2012-1-13 [Vlasenko A.V., Moroz V.V., Yakovlev V.N., et al. Choice of the method for optimizing PEEP in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. General Reanimatology. 2012; VIII(1): 13–21. DOI: 10.15360/1813-9779-2012-1-13 (In Russ)]
  203. Tusman G., Acosta C.M., Costantini M. Ultrasonography for the assessment of lung recruitment maneuvers. Crit Ultrasound J. 2016; 8(1): 8. DOI: 10.1186/s13089-016-0045-9
  204. Talmor D., Sarge T., Malhotra A., et al. Mechanical Ventilation Guided by Esophageal Pressure in Acute Lung Injury. New England Journal of Medicine. 2008; 359(20): 2095–2104. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa0708638
  205. Николаенко Э.М. Управление функцией легких в ранний период после протезирования клапанов сердца: автореферат дис. ... д-ра мед. наук: 14.00.41; 14.00.37 / НИИ Трансплантологии и искусств. органов. М.; 1989. [Nikolaenko E.M. Management of pulmonary function in the early period after heart valve replacement: Abstract of the dissertation of Doctor of Medical Sciences: 14.00.41; 14.00.37 /Research Institute of Transplantology and Artificial Organs. Moscow, 1989. (In Russ)]
  206. Заболотских И.Б., Лебединский К.М., Анисимов М.А. и др. Периоперационное ведение больных с сопутствующим морбидным ожирением (второй пересмотр). Клинические рекомендации. Тольяттинский медицинский консилиум. 2016; 5–6: 38–56. [Zabolotskikh I.B., Lebedinsky K.M., Anisimov M.A., et al. Perioperative management of patients with concomitant morbid obesity (second revision). Clinical guidelines. Togliatti Medical Council. 2016; 5–6: 38–56. (In Russ)]
  207. Reske A.W., Reske A.P., Gast H.A., et al. Extrapolation from ten sections can make CT-based quantification of lung aeration more practicable. Intensive Care Med. 2010; 36(11): 1836–1844. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-010-2014-2
  208. Chiumello D., Cressoni M., Colombo A., et al. The assessment of transpulmonary pressure in mechanically ventilated ARDS patients. Intensive Care Med. 2014; 40(11): 1670–1678. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-014-3415-4
  209. Gattinoni L., Bombino M., Pelosi P., et al. Lung structure and function in different stages of severe adult respiratory distress syndrome. JAMA. 1994; 271(22): 1772–1779.
  210. Musch G., Bellani G., Vidal Melo M.F., et al. Relation between shunt, aeration, and perfusion in experimental acute lung injury. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2008; 177(3): 292–300. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200703-484OC
  211. Кузовлев А.Н., Мороз В.В., Голубев А.М. Диагностика острого респираторного дистресс- синдрома при нозокомиальной пневмонии. Общая реаниматология. 2009; 6: 5–12. [Kuzovlev A.N., Moroz V.V., Golubev A.M. Diagnostics of acute respiratory distress syndrome in nosocomial pneumonia. General Reanimatology. 2009; 6: 5–12. (In Russ)]
  212. Henne E., Anderson J.C., Lowe N., Kesten S. Comparison of human lung tissue mass measurements from ex vivo lungs and high resolution CT software analysis. BMC Pulm Med. 2012; 12: 18. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2466-12-18
  213. Зайратьянц О.В., Черняев А.Л., Чучалин А.Г. Патоморфология легких при тяжелой форме гриппа A(H1N1). Анестезиология и реаниматология. 2010; 3: 25–29. [Zairatyants O.V., Chernyaev A.L., Chuchalin A.G. Pathomorphology of the lungs in severe influenza A(H1N1). Anesthesiology and reanimatology. 2010; 3: 25–29. (In Russ)]
  214. Chen L., Del Sorbo L., Grieco D.L., et al. Potential for Lung Recruitment Estimated by the Recruitment-to-Inflation Ratio in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. A Clinical Trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2020; 201(2): 178–187. DOI: 10.1164/RCCM.201902-0334OC
  215. Caramez M.P., Kacmarek R.M., Helmy M., et al. A comparison of methods to identify open-lung PEEP. Intensive Care Med. 2009; 35(4): 740–747. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-009-1412-9
  216. Suzumura E.A., Amato M.B.P., Cavalcanti A.B. Understanding recruitment maneuvers. Intensive Care Med. 2016; 42(5): 908–911. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-015-4025-5
  217. Mercat A., Richard J.C.C., Vielle B., et al. Positive end-expiratory pressure setting in adults with acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2008; 299(6): 646–655. DOI: 10.1001/jama.299.6.646
  218. Cavalcanti A.B., Suzumura É.A., Laranjeira L.N., et al. Effect of Lung Recruitment and Titrated Positive End-Expiratory Pressure (PEEP) vs Low PEEP on Mortality in Patients With Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. JAMA. 2017; 318(14): 1335. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2017.14171
  219. Oba Y., Thameem D.M., Zaza T. High levels of PEEP may improve survival in acute respiratory distress syndrome: A meta-analysis. Respir Med. 2009; 103(8): 1174–1181. DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2009.02.008
  220. Briel M., Meade M., Mercat A., et al. Higher vs Lower Positive End-Expiratory Pressure in Patients With Acute Lung Injury and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. JAMA. 2010; 303(9): 865. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2010.218
  221. Phoenix S.I., Paravastu S., Columb M., et al. Does a Higher Positive End Expiratory Pressure Decrease Mortality in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome? Anesthesiology. 2009; 110(5): 1098–1105. DOI: 10.1097/ALN.0b013e31819fae06
  222. Guo L., Xie J., Huang Y., et al. Higher PEEP improves outcomes in ARDS patients with clinically objective positive oxygenation response to PEEP: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Anesthesiol. 2018; 18(1): 172. DOI: 10.1186/s12871-018-0631-4
  223. Smetkin A.A., Kuzkov V.V., Suborov E.V., Bjertnaes L.J. Increased extravascular lung water reduces the efficacy of alveolar recruitment maneuver in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care Res Pract. 2012; 2012: 606528. DOI: 10.1155/2012/606528
  224. Dellamonica J., Lerolle N., Sargentini C., et al. PEEP-induced changes in lung volume in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Two methods to estimate alveolar recruitment. Intensive Care Med. 2011; 37(10): 1595–1604. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-011-2333-y
  225. Jonson B., Richard J., Straus C., Mancebo J., et al. Pressure-volume curves and compliance in acute lung injury: evidence of recruitment above the lower inflection point. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999; 159(4): 1172–1178. DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.159.4.9801088
  226. Ручина Е.В., Шарнин А.В., Лебединский К.М., Мазурок В.А. Оценка функциональной остаточной емкости легких и показателя потребления кислорода во время настройки уровня ПДКВ. Анестезиология и реаниматология. 2013; 3: 51–54. [Ruchina E.V., Sharnin A.V., Lebedinsky K.M., Mazurok V.A. Evaluation of functional residual capacity of the lungs and oxygen consumption index during adjustment of the PEEP level. Anesthesiology and resuscitation. 2013; 3: 51–54. (In Russ)]
  227. Власенко А.В., Остапченко Д.А., Шестаков Д.А., Воднева М.М. Эффективность применения маневра «открытия легких» в условиях ИВЛ у больных с острым респираторным дистресс-синдромом. Общая реаниматология. 2006; 2(4): 59. [Vlasenko A.V., Ostapchenko D.A., Shestakov D.A., Vodneva M.M. Efficiency of the "lung opening" maneuver under mechanical ventilation in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. General Reanimatology. 2006; 2(4): 59. (In Russ)] DOI: 10.15360/1813-9779-2006-4-50-59
  228. Adams A.B., Cakar N., Marini J.J. Static and dynamic pressure-volume curves reflect different aspects of respiratory system mechanics in experimental acute respiratory distress syndrome. Respir Care. 2001; 46(7): 686–693.
  229. Kárason S., Søndergaard S., Lundin S., et al. A new method for non-invasive, manoeuvre-free determination of “static” pressure-volume curves during dynamic/therapeutic mechanical ventilation. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2000; 44: 578–585. DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-6576.2000.00516.x
  230. Kárason S., Søndergaard S., Lundin S., Stenqvist O. Continuous on-line measurements of respiratory system, lung and chest wall mechanics during mechanic ventilation. Intensive Care Med. 2001; 27(8): 1328–1339. DOI: 10.1007/s001340101024
  231. Gattinoni L., Mascheroni D., Torresin A., et al. Morphological response to positive end expiratory pressure in acute respiratory failure. Computerized tomography study. Intensive Care Med. 1986; 12(3): 137–142. DOI: 10.1007/BF00254928
  232. Kunst P.W., Vazquez de Anda G., Bohm S.H, et al. Monitoring of recruitment and derecruitment by electrical impedance tomography in a model of acute lung injury. Crit Care Med. 2000; 28(12): 3891–3895. DOI: 10.1097/00003246-200012000-00025
  233. Gattinoni L., Pesenti A., Avalli L., et al. Pressure-Volume Curve of Total Respiratory System in Acute Respiratory Failure: Computed Tomographic Scan Study. American Review of Respiratory Disease. 1987; 136(3): 730–736. DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm/136.3.730
  234. Jonson B., Svantesson C. Elastic pressure-volume curves: what information do they convey? Thorax. 1999; 54(1): 82–87. DOI: 10.1136/thx.54.1.82
  235. Mehta A., Bhagat R. Preventing Ventilator-Associated Infections. Clin Chest Med. 2016; 37(4): 683–692. DOI: 10.1016/j.ccm.2016.07.008
  236. Vassilakopoulos T. Understanding wasted/ineffective efforts in mechanically ventilated COPD patients using the Campbell diagram. Intensive Care Med. 2008; 34(7): 1336–1339. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-008-1095-7
  237. Carney D.E., Bredenberg C.E., Schiller H.J., et al. The Mechanism of Lung Volume Change during Mechanical Ventilation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999; 160(5): 1697–1702. DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.160.5.9812031
  238. Schiller H.J., Steinberg J., Halter J., et al. Alveolar inflation during generation of a quasi-static pressure/volume curve in the acutely injured lung. Crit Care Med. 2003; 31(4): 1126–1133. DOI: 10.1097/01.CCM.0000059997.90832.29
  239. Olegård C., Söndergaard S., Houltz E., et al. Estimation of functional residual capacity at the bedside using standard monitoring equipment: A modified nitrogen washout/washin technique requiring a small change of the inspired oxygen fraction. Anesth Analg. 2005; 101(1): 206–212. DOI: 10.1213/01.ANE.0000165823.90368.55
  240. Chiumello D., Cressoni M., Chierichetti M., et al. Nitrogen washout/washin, helium dilution and computed tomography in the assessment of end expiratory lung volume. Crit Care. 2008; 12(6): R150. DOI: 10.1186/cc7139
  241. Dreyfuss D., Hubmayr R. What the concept of VILI has taught us about ARDS management. Intensive Care Med. 2016; 42(5): 811–813. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-016-4287-6
  242. Chiumello D., Carlesso E., Cadringher P., et al. Lung stress and strain during mechanical ventilation for acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2008; 178(4): 346–355. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200710-1589OC
  243. Chiumello D., Colombo A., Algieri I., et al. Effect of body mass index in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Asai T, ed. Br J Anaesth. 2016; 116(1): 113–121. DOI: 10.1093/bja/aev378
  244. Cortes-Puentes G.A., Gard K.E., Adams A.B., et al. Value and Limitations of Transpulmonary Pressure Calculations During Intra-Abdominal Hypertension. Crit Care Med. 2013; 41(8): 1870–1877. DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e31828a3bea
  245. Jakob S.M., Knuesel R., Tenhunen J.J., et al. Increasing abdominal pressure with and without PEEP: effects on intra-peritoneal, intra-organ and intra-vascular pressures. BMC Gastroenterol. 2010; 10: 70. DOI: 10.1186/1471-230X-10-70
  246. Lundin S., Grivans C., Stenqvist O. Transpulmonary pressure and lung elastance can be estimated by a PEEP-step manoeuvre. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2015; 59(2): 185–196. DOI: 10.1111/aas.12442
  247. Papavramidis T.S., Marinis A.D., Pliakos I., et al. Abdominal compartment syndrome - Intra-abdominal hypertension: Defining, diagnosing, and managing. J Emerg Trauma Shock. 2011; 4(2): 279–291. DOI: 10.4103/0974-2700.82224
  248. Pelosi P., Ravagnan I., Giurati G., et al. Positive end-expiratory pressure improves respiratory function in obese but not in normal subjects during anesthesia and paralysis. Anesthesiology. 1999; 91(5): 1221–1231. DOI: 10.1097/00000542-199911000-00011
  249. Гельфанд Б.Р., Проценко Д.Н., Подачин П.В., Лапшина И.Ю. Синдром интраабдоминальной гипертензии: состояние проблемы. Современная медицинская наука. 2012; (2): 4–26. [Gelfand B.R, Protsenko D.N., Podachin P.V., Lapshina I.Y. Intra-abdominal hypertension syndrome: state of the problem. Modern medical science. 2012; (2): 4–26. (In Russ)]
  250. Эпштейн С.Л. Периоперационное анестезиологическое обеспечение больных с морбидным ожирением. Регионарная анестезия и лечение острой боли. 2012; 6(3): 5–27. [Epstein S.L. Perioperative anesthetic care of patients with morbid obesity. Regional anesthesia and treatment of acute pain. 2012; 6(3): 5–27. (In Russ)]
  251. Fumagalli J., Berra L., Zhang C., et al. Transpulmonary Pressure Describes Lung Morphology During Decremental Positive End-Expiratory Pressure Trials in Obesity*. Crit Care Med. 2017; 45(8): 1374–1381. DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000002460
  252. Pelosi P., Vargas M. Mechanical ventilation and intra-abdominal hypertension: “Beyond Good and Evil.” Crit Care. 2012; 16(6): 187. DOI: 10.1186/cc11874
  253. Chiumello D., Gattinoni L. Stress index in presence of pleural effusion: Does it have any meaning? Intensive Care Med. 2011; 37(4): 561–563. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-011-2134-3
  254. Ranieri V.M., Giuliani R., Fiore T., et al. Volume-Pressure Curve of the Respiratory System Predicts Effects of PEEP in ARDS: “Occlusion” versus “Constant Flow” Technique. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1994; 149(1): 19–27. DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm/149.2_Pt_2.S19
  255. Avdeev S.N., Nekludova G.V., Trushenko N.V., et al. Lung ultrasound can predict response to the prone position in awake non-intubated patients with COVID‑19 associated acute respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care. 2021; 25(1). DOI: 10.1186/S13054-021-03472-1
  256. Musso G., Taliano C., Molinaro F., et al. Early prolonged prone position in noninvasively ventilated patients with SARS-CoV-2-related moderate-to-severe hypoxemic respiratory failure: clinical outcomes and mechanisms for treatment response in the PRO-NIV study. Crit Care. 2022; 26(1). DOI: 10.1186/S13054-022-03937-X
  257. Ponnapa Reddy M., Subramaniam A., Afroz A., et al. Prone Positioning of Nonintubated Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Crit Care Med. 2021; 49(10): E1001–E1014. DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000005086
  258. Qin S., Chang W., Peng F., Hu Z., Yang Y. Awake prone position in COVID-19-related acute respiratory failure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. BMC Pulm Med. 2023; 23(1). DOI: 10.1186/S12890-023-02442-3
  259. Villar J., Kacmarek R.M., Pérez-Méndez L., Aguirre-Jaime A. A high positive end-expiratory pressure, low tidal volume ventilatory strategy improves outcome in persistent acute respiratory distress syndrome: A randomized, controlled trial*. Crit Care Med. 2006; 34(5): 1311–1318. DOI: 10.1097/01.CCM.0000215598.84885.01
  260. Amato M.B.P., Barbas C.S.V., Medeiros D.M., et al. Effect of a Protective-Ventilation Strategy on Mortality in the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. New England Journal of Medicine. 1998; 338(6): 347–354. DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199802053380602
  261. Мороз В.В., Власенко А.В., Яковлев В.Н., Алексеев В.Г. Оптимизаия ПДКВ у больных с острым респираторным дистресс-синдромом, вызванным прямыми и непрямыми повреждающими факторами. Общая реаниматология. 2012; VIII(3): 5–13. [Moroz V.V., Vlasenko A.V., Yakovlev V.N., Alekseev V.G. Optimization of PEEP in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome caused by direct and indirect damaging factors. General Reanimatology. 2012; VIII (3): 5–13. (In Russ)]
  262. Rezoagli E., Bellani G. How i set up positive end-expiratory pressure: Evidence- A nd physiology-based! Crit Care. 2019; 23(1): 412. DOI: 10.1186/s13054-019-2695-z
  263. Sahetya S.K., Goligher E.C., Brower R.G. Fifty Years of Research in ARDS. Setting Positive End-Expiratory Pressure in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2017; 195(11): 1429–1438. Accessed March 12, 2020. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28146639
  264. Gattinoni L., Carlesso E., Brazzi L., et al. Friday night ventilation: A safety starting tool kit for mechanically ventilated patients. Minerva Anestesiol. 2014; 80(9): 1046–1057.
  265. Regli A., Hockings L.E., Musk G.C., et al. Commonly applied positive end-expiratory pressures do not prevent functional residual capacity decline in the setting of intra-abdominal hypertension: a pig model. Crit Care. 2010; 14(4): R128. DOI: 10.1186/cc9095
  266. Regli A., Chakera J., De Keulenaer B.L., et al. Matching positive end-expiratory pressure to intra-abdominal pressure prevents end-expiratory lung volume decline in a pig model of intra-abdominal hypertension. Crit Care Med. 2012; 40(6): 1879–1886. DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e31824e0e80
  267. Pirrone M., Fisher D., Chipman D., et al. Recruitment Maneuvers and Positive End-Expiratory Pressure Titration in Morbidly Obese ICU Patients. Crit Care Med. 2016; 44(2). DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000001387
  268. Regli A., De Keulenaer B.L., Palermo A., van Heerden P.V. Positive end-expiratory pressure adjusted for intra-abdominal pressure – A pilot study. J Crit Care. 2018; 43: 390–394. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2017.10.012
  269. Krebs J., Pelosi P., Tsagogiorgas C., Alb M., Luecke T. Effects of positive end-expiratory pressure on respiratory function and hemodynamics in patients with acute respiratory failure with and without intra-abdominal hypertension: A pilot study. Crit Care. 2009; 13(5): R160. DOI: 10.1186/cc8118
  270. Florio G., Ferrari M., Bittner E.A., et al. A lung rescue team improves survival in obesity with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care. 2020; 24(1): 4. DOI: 10.1186/s13054-019-2709-x
  271. Yehya N., Hodgson C.L., Amato M.B.P., et al. Response to Ventilator Adjustments for Predicting Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Mortality. Driving Pressure versus Oxygenation. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2021; 18(5): 857–864. DOI: 10.1513/ANNALSATS.202007-862OC
  272. Baedorf Kassis E., Loring S.H., Talmor D. Mortality and pulmonary mechanics in relation to respiratory system and transpulmonary driving pressures in ARDS. Intensive Care Med. 2016; 42(8): 1206–1213. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-016-4403-7
  273. Yaroshetskiy A.I., Avdeev S.N., Politov M.E., et al. Potential for the lung recruitment and the risk of lung overdistension during 21 days of mechanical ventilation in patients with COVID-19 after noninvasive ventilation failure: the COVID-VENT observational trial. BMC Anesthesiol. 2022; 22(1). DOI: 10.1186/S12871-022-01600-0
  274. Dianti J., Tisminetzky M., Ferreyro B.L., et al. Association of Positive End-Expiratory Pressure and Lung Recruitment Selection Strategies with Mortality in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2022; 205(11): 1300–1310. DOI: 10.1164/RCCM.202108-1972OC
  275. Gattinoni L., Pelosi P., Crotti S., Valenza F. Effects of positive end-expiratory pressure on regional distribution of tidal volume and recruitment in adult respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995; 151(6): 1807–1814. DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.151.6.7767524
  276. Lapinsky S.E., Aubin M., Mehta S., Boiteau P., Slutsky A.S. Safety and efficacy of a sustained inflation for alveolar recruitment in adults with respiratory failure. Intensive Care Med. 1999; 25(11): 1297–1301. DOI: 10.1007/s001340051061
  277. Herff H., Paal P., Von Goedecke A., et al. Influence of ventilation strategies on survival in severe controlled hemorrhagic shock. Crit Care Med. 2008; 36(9): 2613–2620. DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e31818477f0
  278. Krismer A.C., Wenzel V., Lindner K.H., et al. Influence of positive end-expiratory pressure ventilation on survival during severe hemorrhagic shock. Ann Emerg Med. 2005; 46(4): 337–342. DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2005.02.022
  279. Rodgers G.W., Lau Young J.B., Desaive T., et al. A proof of concept study of acoustic sensing of lung recruitment during mechanical ventilation. Biomed Signal Process Control. 2017; 32: 130–142. DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2016.08.021
  280. Jaber S., Jung B., Matecki S., Petrof B.J. Clinical review: Ventilator-induced diaphragmatic dysfunction - human studies confirm animal model findings! Crit Care. 2011; 15(2): 206. DOI: 10.1186/cc10023
  281. Hodgson C.L., Tuxen D.V., Davies A.R, et al. A randomised controlled trial of an open lung strategy with staircase recruitment, titrated PEEP and targeted low airway pressures in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care. 2011; 15(3): R133. DOI: 10.1186/cc10249
  282. Arnal J.M., Paquet J., Wysocki M., et al. Optimal duration of a sustained inflation recruitment maneuver in ARDS patients. Intensive Care Med. 2011; 37(10): 1588–1594. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-011-2323-0
  283. Lim C.M., Jung H., Koh Y., et al. Effect of alveolar recruitment maneuver in early acute respiratory distress syndrome according to antiderecruitment strategy, etiological category of diffuse lung injury, and body position of the patient. Crit Care Med. 2003; 31(2): 411–418. DOI: 10.1097/01.CCM.0000048631.88155.39
  284. Brower R.G., Morris A., MacIntyre N., et al. Effects of recruitment maneuvers in patients with acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome ventilated with high positive end-expiratory pressure. Crit Care Med. 2003; 31(11): 2592–2597. DOI: 10.1097/01.CCM.0000090001.91640.45
  285. Nielsen J., Østergaard M., Kjaergaard J., et al. Lung recruitment maneuver depresses central hemodynamics in patients following cardiac surgery. Intensive Care Med. 2005; 31(9): 1189–1194. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-005-2732-z
  286. Магомедов Р.М., Проценко Д.Н., Игнатенко О.В., Ярошецкий А.И. Оценка изменений гемодинамики при проведении маневров открытия альвеол у больных в критических состояниях с острым повреждением легких/острым респираторным дистресс-синдромом. Анестезиология и реаниматология. 2011; (6): 70–74. [Magomedov R.M., Protsenko D.N., Ignatenko O.V., Yaroshetsky A.I. Evaluation of hemodynamic changes during alveolar opening maneuvers in critically ill patients with acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome. Anesthesiology and resuscitation. 2011; (6): 70–74. (In Russ)]
  287. Tugrul S., Akinci O., Ozcan P.E., et al. Effects of sustained inflation and postinflation positive end-expiratory pressure in acute respiratory distress syndrome: Focusing on pulmonary and extrapulmonary forms. Crit Care Med. 2003; 31(3): 738–744. DOI: 10.1097/01.CCM.0000053554.76355.72
  288. Hodgson C.L., Cooper D.J, Arabi Y., et al. Maximal recruitment open lung ventilation in acute respiratory distress syndrome (PHARLAP) A Phase II, multicenter randomized controlled clinical trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019; 200(11): 1363–1372. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201901-0109OC
  289. Mancebo J., Fernández R., Blanch L., et al. A multicenter trial of prolonged prone ventilation in severe acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2006; 173(11): 1233–1239. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200503-353OC
  290. Guerin C., Gaillard S., Lemasson S., et al. Effects of systematic prone positioning in hypoxemic acute respiratory failure: A randomized controlled trial. J Am Med Assoc. 2004; 292(19): 2379–2387. DOI: 10.1001/jama.292.19.2379
  291. Guérin C., Girard R., Gacouin A., et al. Prone Positioning in Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. New England Journal of Medicine. 2013; 368(23): 2159–2168. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1214103
  292. Sud S., Friedrich J.O., Taccone P., et al. Prone ventilation reduces mortality in patients with acute respiratory failure and severe hypoxemia: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med. 2010; 36(4): 585–599. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-009-1748-1
  293. Gattinoni L., Carlesso E., Taccone P., et al. Prone positioning improves survival in severe ARDS: A pathophysiologic review and individual patient meta-analysis. Minerva Anestesiol. 2010; 76(6): 448–454.
  294. Gattinoni L.G., Tognoni G., Pesenti A., et al. Effect of prone positioning on the survival of patients with acute respiratory failure. New England Journal of Medicine. 2001; 345(8): 568–573. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa010043
  295. Albert R.K., Hubmayr R.D. The prone position eliminates compression of the lungs by the heart. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000; 161(5): 1660–1665. DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.161.5.9901037
  296. Wang Y. Xian, Zhong M., Dong M. Hui, et al. Prone positioning improves ventilation-perfusion matching assessed by electrical impedance tomography in patients with ARDS: a prospective physiological study. Crit Care. 2022; 26(1). DOI: 10.1186/S13054-022-04021-0
  297. Грицан А.И., Грицан Г.В., Колесниченко А.П., Сивков Е.Н. Тактика респираторной поддержки при острой дыхательной недостаточности на фоне тяжелых форм гриппа A (H1N1). Интенсивная терапия. 2011; (1): 27–31. [Gritsan A.I., Gritsan G.V., Kolesnichenko A.P., Sivkov E.N. Tactics of respiratory support in acute respiratory failure against the background of severe forms of influenza A (H1N1). Intensive care. 2011; (1): 27–31. (In Russ)]
  298. Грицан А.И., Грицан Г.В., Ишутин В.В., Нижегородова Н.В. Результаты интенсивной терапии больных с тяжелыми формами гриппа, вызванного вирусом A (H1N1), в условиях отделения анестезиологии-реанимации. Вестник Анестезиологии и Реаниматологии. 2010; 7(6): 1–7. [Gritsan A.I., Gritsan G.V., Ishutin V.V., Nizhegorodova N.V. Results of intensive care of patients with severe forms of influenza caused by the A (H1N1) virus in the anesthesiology and resuscitation department. Messenger of Anesthesiology and Reanimatology. 2010; 7(6): 1–7. (In Russ)]
  299. Kharat A., Simon M., Guerin C. Prone position in COVID 19-associated acute respiratory failure. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2022; 28(1): 57–65. DOI: 10.1097/MCC.0000000000000900
  300. Okin D., Huang C.Y., Alba G.A., et al. Prolonged Prone Position Ventilation Is Associated With Reduced Mortality in Intubated COVID-19 Patients. Chest. 2023; 163(3): 533–542. DOI: 10.1016/J.CHEST.2022.10.034
  301. Protti A., Santini A., Pennati F., et al. Lung response to prone positioning in mechanically-ventilated patients with COVID-19. Crit Care. 2022; 26(1). DOI: 10.1186/S13054-022-03996-0
  302. Lee H.J., Kim J., Choi M., et al. Efficacy and safety of prone position in COVID-19 patients with respiratory failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Med Res. 2022; 27(1). DOI: 10.1186/S40001-022-00953-Z
  303. Ehrmann S., Li J., Ibarra-Estrada M., et al. Awake prone positioning for COVID-19 acute hypoxaemic respiratory failure: a randomised, controlled, multinational, open-label meta-trial. Lancet Respir Med. 2021; 9(12): 1387–1395. DOI: 10.1016/S2213-2600(21)00356-8
  304. Grasso S., Terragni P., Birocco A., et al. ECMO criteria for influenza A (H1N1)-associated ARDS: Role of transpulmonary pressure. Intensive Care Med. 2012; 38(3): 395–403. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-012-2490-7
  305. Zhou Y., Jin X., Lv Y., et al. Early application of airway pressure release ventilation may reduce the duration of mechanical ventilation in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Intensive Care Med. 2017; 43(11): 1648–1659. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-017-4912-z
  306. Сметкин А.А., Кузьков В.В., Суборов Е.В., Киров М.Ю. Эффективность и безопасность режима вентиляции с высвобождением давления в дыхательных путях у пациентов с сепсисом и острым респираторным дистресс-синдромом. Эфферентная терапия. 2011; 3: 138–139. [Smetkin A.A., Kuzkov V.V., Suborov E.V., Kirov M.Yu. Efficiency and safety of the ventilation mode with pressure release in the airways in patients with sepsis and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Efferent therapy. 2011; 3: 138–139. (In Russ)]
  307. Николаенко Э.М., Беликов С.М., Волкова М.И., Иванов Е.В. Вентиляция легких, регулируемая по давлению, при обратном соотношении продолжительности фаз вдоха и выдоха. Анестезиология и реаниматология. 1996; 1: 43–48. [Nikolaenko E.M., Belikov S.M., Volkova M.I., Ivanov E.V. Pressure-controlled ventilation of the lungs with an inverse ratio of the duration of the inhalation and exhalation phases. Anesthesiology and reanimatology. 1996; 1: 43–48. (In Russ)]
  308. Varpula T., Valta P., Niemi R., Takkunen O., Hynynen M., Pettilä V.V. Airway pressure release ventilation as a primary ventilatory mode in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2004; 48(6): 722–731. DOI: 10.1111/j.0001-5172.2004.00411.x
  309. Maxwell R.A., Green J.M., Waldrop J., et al. A randomized prospective trial of airway pressure release ventilation and low tidal volume ventilation in adult trauma patients with acute respiratory failure. Journal of Trauma - Injury, Infection and Critical Care. 2010; 69(3): 501–510. DOI: 10.1097/TA.0b013e3181e75961
  310. Young D., Lamb S.E., Shah S., et al. High-frequency oscillation for acute respiratory distress syndrome. New England Journal of Medicine. 2013; 368(9): 806–813. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1215716
  311. Derdak S., Mehta S., Stewart T.E., et al. High-frequency oscillatory ventilation for acute respiratory distress syndrome in adults: A randomized, controlled trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002; 166(6): 801–808. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.2108052
  312. Ferguson N.D., Cook D.J., Guyatt G.H., et al. High-Frequency Oscillation in Early Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. New England Journal of Medicine. 2013; 368(9): 795–805. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1215554
  313. Imai Y., Nakagawa S., Ito Y., et al. Comparison of lung protection strategies using conventional and high-frequency oscillatory ventilation. J Appl Physiol. 2001; 91(4): 1836–1844. DOI: 10.1152/jappl.2001.91.4.1836
  314. Muellenbach R.M., Kredel M., Said H.M., et al. High-frequency oscillatory ventilation reduces lung inflammation: A large-animal 24-h model of respiratory distress. Intensive Care Med. 2007; 33(8): 1423–1433. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-007-0708-x
  315. Shimaoka M., Fujino Y., Taenaka N., et al. High frequency oscillatory ventilation attenuates the activation of alveolar macrophages and neutrophils in lung injury. Crit Care. 1998; 2(1): 35–39. DOI: 10.1186/cc122
  316. Kneyber M.C.J., van Heerde M., Markhorst D.G. Reflections on pediatric high-frequency oscillatory ventilation from a physiologic perspective. Respir Care. 2012; 57(9): 1496–1504. DOI: 10.4187/respcare.01571
  317. D’Alto M., Marra A.M., Severino S., et al. Right ventricular-arterial uncoupling independently predicts survival in COVID-19 ARDS. Crit Care. 2020; 24(1). DOI: 10.1186/S13054-020-03385-5
  318. Zochios V., Yusuff H., Schmidt M. Acute right ventricular injury phenotyping in ARDS. Intensive Care Med. 2023; 49(1): 99–102. DOI: 10.1007/S00134-022-06904-W
  319. Barbaro R.P., MacLaren G., Boonstra P.S., et al. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support in COVID-19: an international cohort study of the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization registry. Lancet. 2020; 396(10257): 1071–1078. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32008-0
  320. Davies A.R., Jones D., Bailey M., et al. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for 2009 influenza A(H1N1) acute respiratory distress syndrome. JAMA — Journal of the American Medical Association. 2009; 302(17): 1888–1895. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2009.1535
  321. Gannon W.D., Stokes J.W., Francois S.A., et al. Association between Availability of Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation and Mortality in Patients with COVID-19 Eligible for Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: A Natural Experiment. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2022; 205(11): 1354–1357. DOI: 10.1164/RCCM.202110-2399LE
  322. Karagiannidis C., Slutsky A.S., Bein T., et al. Complete countrywide mortality in COVID patients receiving ECMO in Germany throughout the first three waves of the pandemic. Crit Care. 2021; 25(1). DOI: 10.1186/S13054-021-03831-Y
  323. Karagiannidis C., Strassmann S., Merten M., et al. High In-Hospital Mortality Rate in Patients with COVID-19 Receiving Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation in Germany: A Critical Analysis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2021; 204(8): 991–994. DOI: 10.1164/RCCM.202105-1145LE
  324. Levy D., Lebreton G., De Chambrun M.P., et al. Outcomes of Patients Denied Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Greater Paris, France. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2021; 204(8): 994–997. DOI: 10.1164/RCCM.202105-1312LE
  325. Patroniti N., Zangrillo A., Pappalardo F., et al. The Italian ECMO network experience during the 2009 influenza A(H1N1) pandemic: Preparation for severe respiratory emergency outbreaks. Intensive Care Med. 2011; 37(9): 1447–-1457. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-011-2301-6
  326. Peek G.J., Mugford M., Tiruvoipati R., et al. Efficacy and economic assessment of conventional ventilatory support versus extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for severe adult respiratory failure (CESAR): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. The Lancet. 2009; 374(9698): 1351–1363. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61069-2
  327. Ramanathan K., Shekar K., Ling R.R., et al. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care. 2021; 25(1). DOI: 10.1186/S13054-021-03634-1
  328. Rosenberger P., Korell L., Haeberle H.A., et al. Early vvECMO implantation may be associated with lower mortality in ARDS. Respir Res. 2023; 24(1). DOI: 10.1186/S12931-023-02541-Z
  329. Schmidt M., Langouet E., Hajage D., et al. Evolving outcomes of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support for severe COVID-19 ARDS in Sorbonne hospitals, Paris. Crit Care. 2021; 25(1). DOI: 10.1186/S13054-021-03780-6
  330. Shaefi S., Brenner S.K., Gupta S., et al. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in patients with severe respiratory failure from COVID-19. Intensive Care Med. 2021; 47(2): 208–221. DOI: 10.1007/S00134-020-06331-9
  331. Zangrillo A., Biondi-Zoccai G., Landoni G., et al. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in patients with H1N1 influenza infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis including 8 studies and 266 patients receiving ECMO. Crit Care. 2013; 17(1). DOI: 10.1186/cc12512
  332. Patroniti N., Bonatti G., Senussi T., Robba C. Mechanical ventilation and respiratory monitoring during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for respiratory support. Ann Transl Med. 2018; 6(19): 386–386. DOI: 10.21037/atm.2018.10.11
  333. Bein T., Weber-Carstens S., Goldmann A., et al. Lower tidal volume strategy (≈3 ml/kg) combined with extracorporeal CO2 removal versus “conventional” protective ventilation (6 ml/kg) in severe ARDS: The prospective randomized Xtravent-study. Intensive Care Med. 2013; 39(5): 847–856. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-012-2787-6
  334. Гельфанд Б.Р., Салтанов А.И. Интенсивная терапия: национальное руководство: в 2 т. Т. 1. / под ред. Б.Р. Гельфанда, А.И. Салтанова. М.: ГЭОТАР-Медиа, 2009. 960 с. [Gelfand B.R., Saltanov A.I. Intensive care: national guidelines: in 2 volumes. Vol. 1. / edited by B.R. Gelfand, A.I. Saltanov. Moscow: GEOTAR-Media, 2009. 960 p. (In Russ)]
  335. Girard T.D., Alhazzani W., Kress J.P., et al. An Official American Thoracic Society/American College of Chest Physicians Clinical Practice Guideline: Liberation from mechanical ventilation in critically ill adults rehabilitation protocols, ventilator liberation protocols, and cuff leak tests. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2017; 195(1): 120–133. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201610-2075ST
  336. Schmidt G.A., Girard T.D., Kress J.P., et al. Official executive summary of an American Thoracic Society/American College of Chest Physicians clinical practice guideline: Liberation from mechanical ventilation in critically ill adults. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2017; 195(1): 115–119. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201610-2076ST
  337. Ouellette D.R., Patel S., Girard T.D., et al. Liberation From Mechanical Ventilation in Critically Ill Adults: An Official American College of Chest Physicians/American Thoracic Society Clinical Practice Guideline: Inspiratory Pressure Augmentation During Spontaneous Breathing Trials, Protocols Minimizing Sedation, and Noninvasive Ventilation Immediately After Extubation. Chest. 2017; 151(1): 166–180. DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2016.10.036
  338. Mireles-Cabodevila E., Hatipoǧlu U., Chatburn R.L. A rational framework for selecting modes of ventilation. Respir Care. 2013; 58(2): 348–366. DOI: 10.4187/respcare.01839
  339. Yang K.L., Tobin M.J. A prospective study of indexes predicting the outcome of trials of weaning from mechanical ventilation. New England Journal of Medicine. 1991; 324(21): 1445–1450. DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199105233242101
  340. Subirà C., Hernández G., Vázquez A., et al. Effect of pressure support vs T-piece ventilation strategies during spontaneous breathing trials on successful extubation among patients receiving mechanical ventilation: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA - Journal of the American Medical Association. 2019; 321(22): 2175–2182. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2019.7234
  341. Esteban A., Alía I., Gordo F., et al. Extubation outcome after spontaneous breathing trials with T-Tube or pressure support ventilation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997; 156(2 I): 459–465. DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.156.2.9610109
  342. Brochard L., Rauss A., Benito S., et al. Comparison of three methods of gradual withdrawal from ventilatory support during weaning from mechanical ventilation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1994; 150(4): 896–903. DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.150.4.7921460
  343. Esteban A., Frutos F., Alía I., et al. A Comparison of Four Methods of Weaning Patients from Mechanical Ventilation. New England Journal of Medicine. 1995; 332(6): 345–350. DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199502093320601
  344. Nava S., Gregoretti C., Fanfulla F., et al. Noninvasive ventilation to prevent respiratory failure after extubation in high-risk patients. Crit Care Med. 2005; 33(11): 2465–2470. DOI: 10.1097/01.CCM.0000186416.44752.72
  345. Ferrer M., Sellarés J., Valencia M., et al. Non-invasive ventilation after extubation in hypercapnic patients with chronic respiratory disorders: randomised controlled trial. The Lancet. 2009; 374(9695): 1082–1088. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61038-2
  346. Ferrer M., Valencia M., Nicolas J.M., et al. Early Noninvasive Ventilation Averts Extubation Failure in Patients at Risk. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2006; 173(2): 164–70. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200505-718OC
  347. El Solh A.A., Aquilina A., Pineda L., et al. Noninvasive ventilation for prevention of post-extubation respiratory failure in obese patients. European Respiratory Journal. 2006; 28(3): 588–595. DOI: 10.1183/09031936.06.00150705
  348. Galvin I.M., Steel A., Pinto R., et al. Partial liquid ventilation for preventing death and morbidity in adults with acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2013; 2013(7): CD003707. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003707.pub3
  349. Kacmarek R.M., Wiedemann H.P., Lavin P.T., et al. Partial liquid ventilation in adult patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2006; 173(8): 882–889. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200508-1196OC
  350. Meng H., Sun Y., Lu J., et al. Exogenous surfactant may improve oxygenation but not mortality in adult patients with acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome: A meta-analysis of 9 clinical trials. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2012; 26(5): 849–856. DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2011.11.006
  351. Davidson W.J., Dorscheid D., Spragg R., et al. Exogenous pulmonary surfactant for the treatment of adult patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: Results of a meta-analysis. Crit Care. 2006; 10(2): R41. DOI: 10.1186/cc4851
  352. Meng S.S., Chang W., Lu Z.H., et al. Effect of surfactant administration on outcomes of adult patients in acute respiratory distress syndrome: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. BMC Pulm Med. 2019; 19(1): 1–11. DOI: 10.1186/S12890-018-0761-Y/FIGURES/6
  353. Dushianthan A., Clark H.W., Brealey D., et al. A randomized controlled trial of nebulized surfactant for the treatment of severe COVID-19 in adults (COVSurf trial). Sci Rep. 2023; 13(1). DOI: 10.1038/S41598-023-47672-X
  354. Сметкин А.А., Кузьков В.В., Гайдуков К.М., Ежова Л.В. Применение дерекрутмент-теста при респираторной поддержке и сурфактант-терапии у пациентов с острым повреждением легких. Вестник анестезиологии и реаниматологии. 2010; (6): 4–9. [Smetkin A.A., Kuzkov V.V., Gaidukov K.M., Ezhova L.V. Use of derecruitment test in respiratory support and surfactant therapy in patients with acute lung injury. Bulletin of Anesthesiology and Reanimatology. 2010; (6): 4–9. (In Russ)]
  355. Власенко А.В., Остапченко Д.А., Павлюхин И.Н., Розенберг О.А. Опыт сочетанного применения препарата сурфактанта и маневра «открытия» легких при лечении ОРДС. Общая реаниматология. 2007; 3(3): 123. [Vlasenko A.V, Ostapchenko D.A, Pavlyukhin I.N, Rosenberg O.A. Experience of combined use of surfactant and lung "opening" maneuver in the treatment of ARDS. General Reanimatology. 2007; 3(3): 123. (In Russ)] DOI: 10.15360/1813-9779-2007-3-118
  356. Spragg R.G., Lewis J.F., Walmrath H.D., et al. Effect of recombinant surfactant protein C-based surfactant on the acute respiratory distress syndrome. New England Journal of Medicine. 2004; 351(9): 884–892. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa033181
  357. Bautin A.E.B., Avdeev S.N., Seyliev A.A., et al. Ингаляционная терапия сурфактантом в комплексном лечении тяжелой формы COVID-19-пневмонии. Туберкулез и болезни легких. 2020; 98(9): 6–12. DOI: 10.21292/2075-1230-2020-98-9-6-12
  358. Avdeev S.N., Trushenko N.V., Chikina S.Y., et al. Beneficial effects of inhaled surfactant in patients with COVID-19-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome. Respir Med. 2021; 185. DOI: 10.1016/J.RMED.2021.106489
  359. Mylavarapu M., Dondapati V.V.K., Dadana S., et al. Effect of Surfactant Therapy on Clinical Outcomes of COVID-19 Patients With ARDS: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cureus. 2024; 16(3). DOI: 10.7759/CUREUS.56238
  360. Gerlach H., Keh D., Semmerow A., et al. Dose-response characteristics during long-term inhalation of nitric oxide in patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome: A prospective, randomized, controlled study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003; 167(7): 1008–1015. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.2108121
  361. Taylor R.W., Zimmerman J.L., Dellinger R.P., et al. Low-Dose Inhaled Nitric Oxide in Patients with Acute Lung Injury: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Am Med Assoc. 2004; 291(13): 1603–1609. DOI: 10.1001/jama.291.13.1603
  362. Dellinger R.P., Zimmerman J.L., Taylor R.W., et al. Effects of inhaled nitric oxide in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: Results of a randomized phase II trial. Crit Care Med. 1998; 26(1): 15–23. DOI: 10.1097/00003246-199801000-00011
  363. Sokol J., Jacobs S.E., Bohn D. Inhaled nitric oxide for acute hypoxemic respiratory failure in children and adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003; 1: CD002787. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002787
  364. Adhikari N.K.J., Dellinger R.P., Lundin S., et al. Inhaled nitric oxide does not reduce mortality in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome regardless of severity: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care Med. 2014; 42(2): 404–412. DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3182a27909
  365. Rossaint R., Falke K.J., Lopez F., et al. Inhaled Nitric Oxide for the Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome. New England Journal of Medicine. 1993; 328(6): 399–405. DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199302113280605
  366. McIntyre R.C., Moore F.A, Moore E.E., et al. Inhaled nitric oxide variably improves oxygenation and pulmonary hypertension in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. In: Journal of Trauma — Injury, Infection and Critical Care. Vol 39. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 1995: 418–425. DOI: 10.1097/00005373-199509000-00004
  367. Gebistorf F., Karam O., Wetterslev J., Afshari A. Inhaled nitric oxide for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in children and adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2016; 2016(6): CD002787. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002787.pub3
  368. Puybasset L., Stewart T., Rouby J.J., et al. Inhaled nitric oxide reverses the increase in pulmonary vascular resistance induced by permissive hypercapnia in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Anesthesiology. 1994; 80(6): 1254–1267. DOI: 10.1097/00000542-199406000-00013
  369. Gerlach H., Pappert D., Lewandowski K., et al. Long-term inhalation with evaluated low doses of nitric oxide for selective improvement of oxygenation in patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome. Intensive Care Med. 1993; 19(8): 443–449. DOI: 10.1007/bf01711084
  370. Bigatello L.M., Hurford W.E., Kacmarek R.M., et al. Prolonged inhalation of low concentrations of nitric oxide in patients with severe adult respiratory distress syndrome: Effects on pulmonary hemodynamics and oxygenation. Anesthesiology. 1994; 80(4): 761–770. DOI: 10.1097/00000542-199404000-00007
  371. Abman S.H., Griebel J.L., Parker D.K., et al. Acute effects of inhaled nitric oxide in children with severe hypoxemic respiratory failure. J Pediatr. 1994; 124(6): 881–888. DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3476(05)83175-0
  372. Germann P., Pöschl G., Leitner C., et al. Additive effect of nitric oxide inhalation on the oxygenation benefit of the prone position in the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Anesthesiology. 1998; 89(6): 1401–1406. DOI: 10.1097/00000542-199812000-00017
  373. Papazian L., Bregeon F., Gaillat F., et al. Respective and combined effects of prone position and inhaled nitric oxide in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998; 157(2): 580–585. DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.157.2.9705046
  374. Puybasset L., Rouby J.J., Mourgeon E., et al. Factors influencing cardiopulmonary effects of inhaled nitric oxide in acute respiratory failure. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995; 152(1): 318–328. DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.152.1.7599840
  375. Lorente L., Lecuona M., Jiménez A., et al. Ventilator-associated pneumonia using a heated humidifier or a heat and moisture exchanger: A randomized controlled trial. Crit Care. 2006; 10(4): R116. DOI: 10.1186/cc5009
  376. Hess D.R., MacIntyre N.R., Galvin W.F., Mishoe S.C. Respiratory Care: Principles and Practice. 3rd ed. Jones & Bartlett Learning; 2016.
  377. Williams R., Rankin N., Smith T., et al. Relationship between the humidity and temperature of inspired gas and the function of the airway mucosa. Crit Care Med. 1996; 24(11): 1920–1929. DOI: 10.1097/00003246-199611000-00025
  378. Lellouche F., Taillé S., Lefrançois F., et al. Humidification performance of 48 passive airway humidifiers comparison with manufacturer data. Chest. 2009; 135(2): 276–286. DOI: 10.1378/chest.08-0679
  379. Restrepo R.D., Walsh B.K. Humidification during invasive and noninvasive mechanical ventilation: 2012. Respir Care. 2012; 57(5): 782–788. DOI: 10.4187/respcare.01766
  380. Rankin N. What is optimum humidity? Respir Care Clin N Am. 1998; 4(2): 321–328.
  381. Wilkes A.R. Heat and moisture exchangers and breathing system filters: Their use in anaesthesia and intensive care. Part 2 — Practical use, including problems, and their use with paediatric patients. Anaesthesia. 2011; 66(1): 40–51. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.2010.06564.x
  382. Kirton O.C., DeHaven B., Morgan J., et al. A prospective, randomized comparison of an in-line heat moisture exchange filter and heated wire humidifiers: Rates of ventilator-associated early-onset (community-acquired) or late-onset (hospital-acquired) pneumonia and incidence of endotracheal tube occlusion. Chest. 1997; 112(4): 1055–1059. DOI: 10.1378/chest.112.4.1055
  383. Cereda M., Villa F., Colombo E., et al. Closed system endotracheal suctioning maintains lung volume during volume-controlled mechanical ventilation. Intensive Care Med. 2001; 27(4): 648–654. DOI: 10.1007/s001340100897
  384. Fernández M.D.M., Piacentini E., Blanch L., Fernández R. Changes in lung volume with three systems of endotracheal suctioning with and without pre-oxygenation in patients with mild-to-moderate lung failure. Intensive Care Med. 2004; 30(12): 2210–2215. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-004-2458-3
  385. Maggiore S.M., Lellouche F., Pigeot J., et al. Prevention of endotracheal suctioning-induced alveolar derecruitment in acute lung injury. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003; 167(9): 1215–1224. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200203-195OC
  386. Bourgault A.M., Brown C.A., Hains S.M.J., Parlow J.L. Effects of endotracheal tube suctioning on arterial oxygen tension and heart rate variability. Biol Res Nurs. 2006; 7(4): 268–278. DOI: 10.1177/1099800405285258
  387. Lasocki S., Lu Q., Sartorius A., et al. Open and closed-circuit endotracheal suctioning in acute lung injury: Efficiency and effects on gas exchange. Anesthesiology. 2006; 104(1): 39–47. DOI: 10.1097/00000542-200601000-00008
  388. Pagotto I.M., Oliveira L.R. de C., Araújo F.C.L.C., et al. Comparison between open and closed suction systems: a systematic review. Rev Bras Ter Intensiva. 2008; 20(4): 331–338. English, Portuguese.
  389. Wiedemann H.P., Wheeler A.P., Bernard G.R., et al. Comparison of two fluid-management strategies in acute lung injury. New England Journal of Medicine. 2006; 354(24): 2564–2575. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa062200
  390. Kuzkov V.V., Suborov E. V., Kirov M.Y., et al. Radiographic lung density assessed by computed tomography is associated with extravascular lung water content. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2010; 54(8): 1018–1026. DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.2010.02272.x
  391. Суборов Е.В., Кузьков В.В., Сметкин А.А., Киров М.Ю. Гемодинамика у больных с септическим шоком и острым повреждением легких. Анестезиология и реаниматология. 2006; (6): 15–20. [Suborov E.V., Kuzkov V.V., Smetkin A.A., Kirov M.Yu. Hemodynamics in patients with septic shock and acute lung injury. Anesthesiology and reanimatology. 2006; (6): 15–20. (In Russ)]
  392. Mikkelsen M.E., Christie J.D., Lanken P.N., et al. The adult respiratory distress syndrome cognitive outcomes study: Long-term neuropsychological function in survivors of acute lung injury. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2012; 185(12): 1307–1315. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201111-2025OC
  393. Starling E.H. On the Absorption of Fluids from the Connective Tissue Spaces. J Physiol. 1896; 19(4): 312–326. DOI: 10.1113/JPHYSIOL.1896.SP000596
  394. Landis E.M. Micro-injection studies of capillary permeability. II. The relation between capillary pressure and the rate at which fluid passes through the walls of single capillaries. Am J Physiol. 1927; 82(2): 217–238. DOI: 10.1152/AJPLEGACY.1927.82.2.217
  395. Michel C.C., Phillips M.E. Steady-state fluid filtration at different capillary pressures in perfused frog mesenteric capillaries. J Physiol. 1987; 388(1): 421–435. DOI: 10.1113/JPHYSIOL.1987.SP016622
  396. Parker J.C., Townsley MI, Rippe B, et al. Increased microvascular permeability in dog lungs due to high peak airway pressures. J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol. 1984; 57(6): 1809–1816. DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1984.57.6.1809
  397. Michel C.C. Starling: the formulation of his hypothesis of microvascular fluid exchange and its significance after 100 years. Exp Physiol. 1997; 82(1): 1–30. DOI: 10.1113/EXPPHYSIOL.1997.SP004000
  398. Weinbaum S. 1997 Whitaker Distinguished Lecture: Models to solve mysteries in biomechanics at the cellular level; a new view of fiber matrix layers. Ann Biomed Eng. 1998; 26(4): 627–643. DOI: 10.1114/1.134
  399. Adamson R.H., Lenz J.F., Zhang X., Adamson G.N., Weinbaum S., Curry F.E. Oncotic pressures opposing filtration across non-fenestrated rat microvessels. J Physiol. 2004; 557(Pt 3): 889–907. DOI: 10.1113/JPHYSIOL.2003.058255
  400. Hahn R.G. Why crystalloids will do the job in the operating room. Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther. 2014; 46(5): 342–349. DOI: 10.5603/AIT.2014.0058
  401. Margarson M.P., Soni N.C. Effects of albumin supplementation on microvascular permeability in septic patients. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2002; 92(5): 2139–2145. DOI: 10.1152/JAPPLPHYSIOL.00201.2001
  402. Sturm J.A., Carpenter M.A., Lewis F.R., et al. Water and protein movement in the sheep lung after septic shock: Effect of colloid versus crystalloid resuscitation. Journal of Surgical Research. 1979; 26(3): 233–248. DOI: 10.1016/0022-4804(79)90004-0
  403. Jacob M., Bruegger D., Rehm M., et al. The endothelial glycocalyx affords compatibility of Starling’s principle and high cardiac interstitial albumin levels. Cardiovasc Res. 2007; 73(3): 575–586. DOI: 10.1016/J.CARDIORES.2006.11.021
  404. Martin G.S., Mangialardi R.J., Wheeler A.P., et al. Albumin and furosemide therapy in hypoproteinemic patients with acute lung injury. Crit Care Med. 2002; 30(10): 2175–2182. DOI: 10.1097/00003246-200210000-00001
  405. Martin G.S., Moss M., Wheeler A.P., et al. A randomized, controlled trial of furosemide with or without albumin in hypoproteinemic patients with acute lung injury. Crit Care Med. 2005; 33(8): 1681–1687. DOI: 10.1097/01.CCM.0000171539.47006.02
  406. Vignon P., Evrard B., Asfar P., et al. Fluid administration and monitoring in ARDS: which management? Intensive Care Med. 2020; 46(12): 2252–2264. DOI: 10.1007/S00134-020-06310-0
  407. Ranieri M., Brienza N., Santostasi S., et al. Impairment of lung and chest wall mechanics in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: Role of abdominal distension. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997; 156(4 I): 1082–1091. DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.156.4.97-01052
  408. Pelosi P., Quintel M., Malbrain M.L.N.G. Effect of intra-abdominal pressure on respiratory mechanics. Acta Clin Belg. 2007; 62. Suppl 1: 78–88.
  409. Райбужис Е.Н., Сметкин А.А., Гайдуков К.М., Киров М.Ю. Внутрибрюшная гипертензия и абдоминальный компартмент-синдром: современные представления о диагностике и лечении. Вестник интенсивной терапии. 2010; 7(4): 14–21. [Raibuzhis E.N, Smetkin A.A., Gaidukov K.M., Kirov M.Yu. Intra-abdominal hypertension and abdominal compartment syndrome: modern concepts of diagnostics and treatment. Annals of intensive care. 2010; 7(4): 14–21. (In Russ)]
  410. Kirkpatrick A.W., Roberts D.J., De Waele J., et al. Intra-abdominal hypertension and the abdominal compartment syndrome: Updated consensus definitions and clinical practice guidelines from the World Society of the Abdominal Compartment Syndrome. In: Intensive Care Medicine. Vol. 39. ; 2013: 1190–1206. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-013-2906-z
  411. Kress J.P., Pohlman A.S., O’Connor M.F., Hall J.B. Daily interruption of sedative infusions in critically ill patients undergoing mechanical ventilation. New England Journal of Medicine. 2000; 342(20): 1471–1477. DOI: 10.1056/NEJM200005183422002
  412. Carson S.S., Kress J.P., Rodgers J.E., et al. A randomized trial of intermittent lorazepam versus propofol with daily interruption in mechanically ventilated patients. Crit Care Med. 2006; 34(5): 1326–1332. DOI: 10.1097/01.CCM.0000215513.63207.7F
  413. Jakob S.M., Ruokonen E., Grounds R.M., et al. Dexmedetomidine vs midazolamor propofol for sedation during prolonged mechanical ventilation: Two randomized controlled trials. Journal of the American Medical Association. 2012; 307(11): 1151–1160. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2012.304
  414. Riker R.R. Dexmedetomidine vs Midazolam for Sedation of Critically Ill Patients: A Randomized Trial. JAMA. 2009; 301(5): 499. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2009.56
  415. Jabaudon M., Quenot J.P., Badie J., et al. Inhaled Sedation in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: The SESAR Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2025; 333(18). DOI: 10.1001/JAMA.2025.3169
  416. Lellouche F., Mancebo J., Jolliet P., et al. A multicenter randomized trial of computer-driven protocolized weaning from mechanical ventilation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2006; 174(8): 894–900. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200511-1780OC
  417. Marelich G.P., Murin S., Battistella F., et al. Protocol weaning of mechanical ventilation in medical and surgical patients by respiratory care practitioners and nurses: Effect on weaning time and incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Chest. 2000; 118(2): 459–467. DOI: 10.1378/chest.118.2.459
  418. Brook A.D., Ahrens T.S., Schaiff R., et al. Effect of a nursing-implemented sedation protocol on the duration of mechanical ventilation. Crit Care Med. 1999; 27(12): 2609–2615. DOI: 10.1097/00003246-199912000-00001
  419. Ely E.W., Baker A.M., Dunagan D.P., et al. Effect on the duration of mechanical ventilation of identifying patients capable of breathing spontaneously. New England Journal of Medicine. 1996; 335(25): 1864–1869. DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199612193352502
  420. Sessler C.N., Gosnell M.S., Grap M.J., et al. The Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale: Validity and reliability in adult intensive care unit patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002; 166(10): 1338–1344. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.2107138
  421. Girard T.D, Kress J.P., Fuchs B.D., et al. Efficacy and safety of a paired sedation and ventilator weaning protocol for mechanically ventilated patients in intensive care (Awakening and Breathing Controlled trial): a randomised controlled trial. The Lancet. 2008; 371(9607): 126–134. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60105-1
  422. Mehta S., Burry L., Cook D., et al. Daily sedation interruption in mechanically ventilated critically ill patients cared for with a sedation protocol: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Association. 2012; 308(19): 1985–1992. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2012.13872
  423. Moss M., Huang D.T., Brower R.G., et al. Early neuromuscular blockade in the acute respiratory distress syndrome. New England Journal of Medicine. 2019; 380(21): 1997–2008. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1901686
  424. Yoshida T., Torsani V., Gomes S., et al. Spontaneous effort causes occult pendelluft during mechanical ventilation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013; 188(12): 1420–1427. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201303-0539OC
  425. Borges J.B., Morais C.C.A., Costa E.L.V. High PEEP may have reduced injurious transpulmonary pressure swings in the ROSE trial. Crit Care. 2019; 23(1). DOI: 10.1186/s13054-019-2689-x
  426. Morais C.C.A., Koyama Y., Yoshida T., et al. High Positive End-Expiratory Pressure Renders Spontaneous Effort Noninjurious. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2018; 197(10): 1285–1296. DOI: 10.1164/RCCM.201706-1244OC
  427. Annane D., Sébille V., Bellissant E. Effect of low doses of corticosteroids in septic shock patients with or without early acute respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care Med. 2006; 34(1): 22–30. DOI: 10.1097/01.CCM.0000194723.78632.62
  428. Confalonieri M., Urbino R., Potena A., et al. Hydrocortisone infusion for severe community-acquired pneumonia: A preliminary randomized study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005; 171(3): 242–248. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200406-808OC
  429. Abdelsalam Rezk N., Mohamed Ibrahim A. Effects of methyl prednisolone in early ARDS. Egyptian Journal of Chest Diseases and Tuberculosis. 2013; 62(1): 167–172. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcdt.2013.02.013
  430. Meduri G.U., Golden E., Freire A.X., et al. Methylprednisolone infusion in early severe ards: Results of a randomized controlled trial. Chest. 2007; 131(4): 954–963. DOI: 10.1378/chest.06-2100
  431. Steinberg K.P., Hudson L.D., Goodman R.B., et al. Efficacy and safety of corticosteroids for persistent acute respiratory distress syndrome. New England Journal of Medicine. 2006; 354(16): 1671–1684. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa051693
  432. Meduri G.U., Headley A.S., Golden E., et al. Effect of prolonged methylprednisolone therapy in unresolving acute respiratory distress syndrome: A randomized controlled trial. J Am Med Assoc. 1998; 280(2): 159–165. DOI: 10.1001/jama.280.2.159
  433. Tongyoo S., Permpikul C., Mongkolpun W., et al. Hydrocortisone treatment in early sepsis-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome: Results of a randomized controlled trial. Crit Care. 2016; 20(1): 329. DOI: 10.1186/s13054-016-1511-2
  434. Villar J., Ferrando C., Martínez D., et al. Dexamethasone treatment for the acute respiratory distress syndrome: a multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Respir Med. 2020; 8(3): 267–276. DOI: 10.1016/S2213-2600(19)30417-5
  435. Chaudhuri D., Nei A.M., Rochwerg B., et al. 2024 Focused Update: Guidelines on Use of Corticosteroids in Sepsis, Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, and Community-Acquired Pneumonia. Crit Care Med. 2024; 52(5): E219–E233. DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000006172
  436. Dequin P.F., Meziani F., Quenot J.P., et al. Hydrocortisone in Severe Community-Acquired Pneumonia. N Engl J Med. 2023; 388(21): 1931–1941. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMOA2215145
  437. Liu L., Li J., Huang Y.-zi, et al. [The effect of stress dose glucocorticoid on patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome combined with critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency]. Zhonghua Nei Ke Za Zhi. 2012; 51(8): 599–603.
  438. Horby P., Lim W.S., Emberson J.R., et al. Dexamethasone in Hospitalized Patients with Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2021; 384(8): 693֪–704. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2021436
  439. Tomazini B.M., Maia I.S., Cavalcanti A.B., et al. Effect of Dexamethasone on Days Alive and Ventilator-Free in Patients With Moderate or Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and COVID-19: The CoDEX Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2020; 324(13): 1. DOI: 10.1001/JAMA.2020.17021
  440. Munch M.W., Myatra S.N., Vijayaraghavan B.K.T., et al. Effect of 12 mg vs 6 mg of Dexamethasone on the Number of Days Alive Without Life Support in Adults With COVID-19 and Severe Hypoxemia: The COVID STEROID 2 Randomized Trial. JAMA. 2021; 326(18): 1. DOI: 10.1001/JAMA.2021.18295
  441. Meduri G.U., Bridges L., Shih M.C., et al. Prolonged glucocorticoid treatment is associated with improved ARDS outcomes: analysis of individual patients’ data from four randomized trials and trial-level meta-analysis of the updated literature. Intensive Care Med. 2016; 42(5): 829–840. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-015-4095-4
  442. Meduri G.U., Eltorky M.A. Understanding ARDS-associated fibroproliferation. Intensive Care Med. 2015; 41(3): 517–520. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-014-3613-0
  443. The ARDS Network Authors for the ARDS Network. Ketoconazole for Early Treatment of Acute Lung Injury and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. JAMA. 2000; 283(15): 1995. DOI: 10.1001/jama.283.15.1995
  444. The ARDS Clinical Trials Network; National Heart and Blood Institute; National Institutes of Health L. Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of lisofylline for early treatment of acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care Med. 2002; 30(1): 1–6. DOI: 10.1097/00003246-200201000-00001
  445. Domenighetti G., Suter P.M., Schaller M.D., et al. Treatment with N-acetylcysteine during acute respiratory distress syndrome: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study. J Crit Care. 1997; 12(4): 177–182. DOI: 10.1016/s0883-9441(97)90029-0
  446. Suter P.M., Domenighetti G., Schaller M.D., et al. N-acetylcysteine enhances recovery from acute lung injury in man: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study. Chest. 1994; 105(1): 190–194. DOI: 10.1378/chest.105.1.190
  447. Jepsen S., Herlevsen P., Knudsen P., et al. Antioxidant treatment with N-acetylcysteine during adult respiratory distress syndrome: A prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Crit Care Med. 1992; 20(7): 918–923. DOI: 10.1097/00003246-199207000-00004
  448. Bernard G.R., Wheeler A.P., Arons M.M., et al. A trial of antioxidants N-acetylcysteine and procysteine in ARDS. Chest. 1997; 112(1): 164–172. DOI: 10.1378/chest.112.1.164
  449. Nakanishi N., Matsushima S., Tatsuno J., et al. Impact of Energy and Protein Delivery to Critically Ill Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Nutrients. 2022; 14(22). DOI: 10.3390/NU14224849
  450. Allingstrup M.J., Esmailzadeh N., Wilkens Knudsen A., et al. Provision of protein and energy in relation to measured requirements in intensive care patients. Clin Nutr. 2012; 31(4): 462–468. DOI: 10.1016/J.CLNU.2011.12.006
  451. Heidegger C.P., Berger M.M., Graf S., et al. Optimisation of energy provision with supplemental parenteral nutrition in critically ill patients: a randomised controlled clinical trial. Lancet. 2013; 381(9864): 385–393. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61351-8
  452. Weijs P.J.M., Looijaard W.G.P.M., Beishuizen A., et al. Early high protein intake is associated with low mortality and energy overfeeding with high mortality in non-septic mechanically ventilated critically ill patients. Crit Care. 2014; 18(6). DOI: 10.1186/S13054-014-0701-Z
  453. Heyland D.K., Patel J., Compher C., et al. The effect of higher protein dosing in critically ill patients with high nutritional risk (EFFORT Protein): an international, multicentre, pragmatic, registry-based randomised trial. Lancet. 2023; 401(10376): 568–576. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(22)02469-2
  454. Alberda C., Gramlich L., Jones N., et al. The relationship between nutritional intake and clinical outcomes in critically ill patients: results of an international multicenter observational study. Intensive Care Med. 2009; 35(10): 1728–1737. DOI: 10.1007/S00134-009-1567-4
  455. Rice T.W., Wheeler A.P., Thompson B.T., et al. Initial Trophic vs Full Enteral Feeding in Patients With Acute Lung Injury: The EDEN Randomized Trial. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association. 2012; 307(8): 795–803. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2012.137
  456. Weijs P.J.M., Stapel S.N., De Groot S.D.W., et al. Optimal protein and energy nutrition decreases mortality in mechanically ventilated, critically ill patients: a prospective observational cohort study. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2012; 36(1): 60–68. DOI: 10.1177/0148607111415109
  457. Singer P., Blaser A.R, Berger M.M., et al. ESPEN practical and partially revised guideline: Clinical nutrition in the intensive care unit. Clin Nutr. 2023; 42(9): 1671–1689. DOI: 10.1016/J.CLNU.2023.07.011
  458. Лейдерман И.Н., Грицан А.И., Заболотских И.Б. и др. Метаболический контроль и нутритивная поддержка у пациентов на длительной искусственной вентиляции легких (ИВЛ). Клинические рекомендации. Анестезиология и реаниматология. 2019; 4: 5–19. [Leyderman I.N., Gritsan A.I., Zabolotskikh I.B., et al. Metabolic monitoring and nutritional support in prolonged mechanically ventilated (MV) patients. Clinical guidelines. Russian Journal of Anesthesiology and Reanimatology. 2019; 4: 5–19. (In Russ)] DOI: 10.17116/anaesthesiology20190415
  459. Lee J.H., Kim R., Park C.M. Chest Tube Drainage Versus Conservative Management as the Initial Treatment of Primary Spontaneous Pneumothorax: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Clin Med. 2020; 9(11). DOI: 10.3390/JCM9113456
  460. Brown S.G.A., Ball E.L., Perrin K., et al. Conservative versus Interventional Treatment for Spontaneous Pneumothorax. N Engl J Med. 2020; 382(5): 405–415. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMOA1910775
  461. Chang S.H., Kang Y.N., Chiu H.Y., Chiu Y.H. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Comparing Pigtail Catheter and Chest Tube as the Initial Treatment for Pneumothorax. Chest. 2018; 153(5): 1201–1212. DOI: 10.1016/J.CHEST.2018.01.048
  462. Schweickert W.D., Pohlman M.C., Pohlman A.S., et al. Early physical and occupational therapy in mechanically ventilated, critically ill patients: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2009; 373(9678): 1874–1882. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60658-9
  463. Schaller S.J., Anstey M., Blobner M., et al. Early, goal-directed mobilisation in the surgical intensive care unit: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2016; 388(10052): 1377–1388. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31637-3
  464. Morris P.E., Berry M.J., Files D.C., et al. Standardized rehabilitation and hospital length of stay among patients with acute respiratory failure a randomized clinical trial. JAMA - Journal of the American Medical Association. 2016; 315(24): 2694–2702. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2016.7201
  465. Moss M., Nordon-Craft A., Malone D., et al. A Randomized Trial of an Intensive Physical Therapy Program for Patients with Acute Respiratory Failure. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2016; 193(10): 1101–1110. DOI: 10.1164/RCCM.201505-1039OC
  466. Patel B.K., Wolfe K.S., Patel S.B., et al. Effect of early mobilisation on long-term cognitive impairment in critical illness in the USA: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Respir Med. 2023; 11(6): 563–572. DOI: 10.1016/S2213-2600(22)00489-1
  467. Wright S.E., Thomas K., Watson G., et al. Intensive versus standard physical rehabilitation therapy in the critically ill (EPICC): a multicentre, parallel-group, randomised controlled trial. Thorax. 2018; 73(3): 213–221. DOI: 10.1136/THORAXJNL-2016-209858
  468. Ding N., Zhang Z., Zhang C., et al. What is the optimum time for initiation of early mobilization in mechanically ventilated patients? A network meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2019; 14(10). DOI: 10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0223151
  469. Matsuoka A., Yoshihiro S., Shida H., et al. Effects of Mobilization within 72 h of ICU Admission in Critically Ill Patients: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. J Clin Med. 2023; 12(18). DOI: 10.3390/JCM12185888
  470. Hsieh S.J., Otusanya O., Gershengorn H.B., et al. Staged Implementation of Awakening and Breathing, Coordination, Delirium Monitoring and Management, and Early Mobilization Bundle Improves Patient Outcomes and Reduces Hospital Costs. Crit Care Med. 2019; 47(7): 885–893. DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000003765
  471. Sosnowski K., Lin F., Chaboyer W., Ranse K., Heffernan A., Mitchell M. The effect of the ABCDE/ABCDEF bundle on delirium, functional outcomes, and quality of life in critically ill patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Nurs Stud. 2023; 138. DOI: 10.1016/J.IJNURSTU.2022.104410
  472. Pun B.T., Balas M.C., Barnes-Daly M.A., et al. Caring for Critically Ill Patients with the ABCDEF Bundle: Results of the ICU Liberation Collaborative in Over 15,000 Adults. Crit Care Med. 2019; 47(1): 3–14. DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000003482
  473. Hodgson C., Needham D., Haines K., et al. Feasibility and inter-rater reliability of the ICU Mobility Scale. Heart Lung. 2014; 43(1): 19–24. DOI: 10.1016/J.HRTLNG.2013.11.003
  474. Hodgson C., Bailey M., Bellomo R., et al. Early Active Mobilization during Mechanical Ventilation in the ICU. N Engl J Med. 2022; 387(19): 1747–1758. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMOA2209083
  475. Berney S., Haines K., Skinner E.H., Denehy L. Safety and feasibility of an exercise prescription approach to rehabilitation across the continuum of care for survivors of critical illness. Phys Ther. 2012; 92(12): 1524–1535. DOI: 10.2522/PTJ.20110406
  476. Borg G. Psychophysical scaling with applications in physical work and the perception of exertion. Scand J Work Environ Health. 1990; 16 Suppl 1(Suppl. 1): 55–58. DOI: 10.5271/SJWEH.1815
  477. Kho M.E., Berney S., Pastva A.M., et al. Early In-Bed Cycle Ergometry in Mechanically Ventilated Patients. NEJM evidence. 2024; 3(7). DOI: 10.1056/EVIDOA2400137
  478. Takaoka A., Utgikar R., Rochwerg B., et al. The Efficacy and Safety of In-Intensive Care Unit Leg-Cycle Ergometry in Critically Ill Adults. A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2020; 17(10): 1289–1307. DOI: 10.1513/ANNALSATS.202001-059OC
  479. Schaller S.J., Scheffenbichler F.T., Bein T., et al. Guideline on positioning and early mobilisation in the critically ill by an expert panel. Intensive Care Med. 2024; 50(8): 1211–1227. DOI: 10.1007/S00134-024-07532-2
  480. Белкин А.А., Алашеев А.М., Белкин В.А., Белкина Ю.Б. Реабилитация в отделении реанимации и интенсивной терапии (РеабИТ). Методические рекомендации Союза реабилитологов России и Федерации анестезиологов и реаниматологов. Вестник интенсивной терапии имени АИ Салтанова. 2022; 2022(2): 7–40. [Belkin A.A., Alasheev A.M., Belkin V.A., Belkina Yu.B. Rehabilitation in the intensive care unit (RehabICU). Clinical practice recommendations of the national Union of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine Specialists of Russia and of the national Federation of Anesthesiologists and Reanimatologists. Annals of Critical Care. 2022; 2022(2): 7–40. (In Russ)] DOI: 10.21320/1818-474X-2022-2-7-40
  481. Vorona S., Sabatini U., Al-Maqbali S., et al. Inspiratory Muscle Rehabilitation in Critically Ill Adults. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2018; 15(6): 735–744. DOI: 10.1513/ANNALSATS.201712-961OC
  482. Parhar K.K.S., Zjadewicz K., Soo A., et al. Epidemiology, mechanical power, and 3-year outcomes in acute respiratory distress syndrome patients using standardized screening: An observational cohort study. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2019; 16(10): 1263–1272. DOI: 10.1513/AnnalsATS.201812-910OC
  483. Wang C.Y., Calfee C.S., Paul D.W., et al. One-year mortality and predictors of death among hospital survivors of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Intensive Care Med. 2014; 40(3): 388–396. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-013-3186-3
  484. Villar J., Blanco J., Anon J.M., et al. The ALIEN study: incidence and outcome of acute respiratory distress syndrome in the era of lung protective ventilation. Intensive Care Med. 2011; 37(12): 1932–1941. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00134-011-2380-4
  485. Esteban A., Frutos-Vivar F., Muriel A., et al. Evolution of Mortality over Time in Patients Receiving Mechanical Ventilation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013; 188(2): 220–230. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201212-2169OC
  486. Bein T., Weber-Carstens S., Apfelbacher C. Long-term outcome after the acute respiratory distress syndrome: Different from general critical illness? Curr Opin Crit Care. 2018; 24(1): 35–40. DOI: 10.1097/MCC.0000000000000476
  487. Ely E.W., Wheeler A.P., Thompson B.T., et al. Recovery rate and prognosis in older persons who develop acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome. Ann Intern Med. 2002; 136(1): 25–36. DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-136-1-200201010-00007
  488. Granja C., Morujão E., Costa-Pereira A. Quality of life in acute respiratory distress syndrome survivors may be no worst than in other ICU survivors. Intensive Care Med. 2003; 29(10): 1744–1750. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-003-1808-x
  489. Kim S.J., Oh B.J., Lee J.S., et al. Recovery from lung injury in survivors of acute respiratory distress syndrome: Difference between pulmonary and extrapulmonary subtypes. Intensive Care Med. 2004; 30(10): 1960–1963. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-004-2374-6
  490. Кассиль В.Л., Власенко А.В., Лукьянченко А.Б., Тимошенко В.В. Последствия длительной искусственной вентиляции легких при острой паренхиматозной дыхательной недостаточности. Вестник интенсивной терапии. 2005; 3: 11–16. [Kassil V.L., Vlasenko A.V., Lukyanchenko A.B., Timoshenko V.V. Consequences of prolonged artificial ventilation in acute parenchymatous respiratory failure. Bulletin of Intensive Care. 2005; 3: 11–16. (In Russ)]
Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Copyright (c) 2025 Annals of Critical Care

Most read articles by the same author(s)

<< < 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 > >>