Нейрохирургическая патология у беременных. Анестезиологические и тактические аспекты
№ 1 (2018) , ИНТЕНСИВНАЯ ТЕРАПИЯ ПРИ ЗАБОЛЕВАНИЯХ И ПОРАЖЕНИЯХ НЕРВНОЙ СИСТЕМЫ
№ 1 (2018)
ИНТЕНСИВНАЯ ТЕРАПИЯ ПРИ ЗАБОЛЕВАНИЯХ И ПОРАЖЕНИЯХ НЕРВНОЙ СИСТЕМЫ

Нейрохирургическая патология у беременных. Анестезиологические и тактические аспекты

https://doi.org/10.21320/1818-474X-2018-1-1-15
Опубликован 24.03.2018
Андрей Юрьевич Лубнин
ФГАУ «НМИЦ нейрохирургии им. акад. Н.Н. Бурденко» МЗ РФ, Москва
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2595-5877
К.Н. Авхледиани
Московский областной НИИ акушерства и гинекологии, Москва
С.А. Согомонян
Wexner Medical Center Ohio State University, Ohio, USA
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5930-9051
#2018-1
PDF_2018-1_1-15

Ключевые слова

беременные
нейрохирургическая патология
тактика ведения
анестезиологическое обеспечение нейрохирургических и акушерских вмешательств

Как цитировать

Лубнин А.Ю., Авхледиани К.Н., Согомонян С.А. Нейрохирургическая патология у беременных. Анестезиологические и тактические аспекты. Вестник интенсивной терапии имени А.И. Салтанова. 2018;(1):1–15. doi:10.21320/1818-474X-2018-1-1-15.
ACM ACS APA ABNT Chicago Harvard IEEE MLA Turabian Vancouver AMA ГОСТ

Скачать ссылку

Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS) BibTeX

Статистика

Просмотров аннотации: 25
PDF_2018-1_1-15 загрузок: 63
Статистика с 21.01.2023

Язык

English Русский

Объявления

Мы в соцсетях

Аннотация

В работе приведен анализ данных литературы, преломленный через более чем десятилетний собственный клинический опыт авторов в решении тактических и анестезиологических проблем у беременных с различной интракраниальной патологией (опухоли мозга различной гистологии и локализации, артериальные аневризмы, артериовенозные мальформации, синус-тромбозы, черепно-мозговая травма и спинальная нейрохирургическая патология). Отдельно рассматриваются такие актуальные проблемы, как использование регионарных методик анестезии при наличии внутричерепного объема, целесообразность фетального мониторинга при нейрохирургических вмешательствах, возможный тератогенный эффект анестетиков и других препаратов.
https://doi.org/10.21320/1818-474X-2018-1-1-15
PDF_2018-1_1-15

Библиографические ссылки

  1. Nossek E., Ekstein M., Rimon E., et al. Neurosurgery and pregnancy. Acta Neurochir. 2011; 153(9): 1727–1735. doi: 10.1007/s00701-011-1061y.
  2. Olivi A., Brem R.F., McPherson R., Brem H. Brain tumors in pregnancy. In: Neurological disorders of pregnancy. 2nded. Eds.: P.J Goldstein, B.J. Stern. Mount Kisco, NY: Futura Publishing Co, 1992: 85–105.
  3. Wlody D.W., Weems L. Anesthesia for the pregnant patient. In: Cottrell and Young’s Neuroanesthesia. Eds.: J. Cottrell, J. Young. Philadelphia: Mosby Elsevier, 2010: 419.
  4. Chang J., Streitman D. Physiologic adaptation to pregnancy. Neurol. Clin. 2012; 30(3): 781–789. doi: 10.1016/j.ncl.2012.05.001.
  5. Dias M.S., Sekhar L.N. Intracranial hemorrhage from aneurysms and AVM during pregnancy and puerperium. Neurosurgery. 1990; 27: 855–865.
  6. Gaiser R. Physiologic changes of pregnancy. In: Chestnut’s Obstetric Anesthesia. Principles and practice. 5thed. Eds.: D.H. Chestnut et al. Philadelphia: Elsevier, 2014: 15–38.
  7. Newfield P., Hamid R.K.A., Lam A.M. Intracranial aneurysms and AVMs: Anesthetic management. In: Textbook of Neuroanesthesia. Ed. M.S. Albin. NY: McGraw-Hill Co, 1997: 859–900.
  8. Selo-Ojeme D.O., Marshman L.A., Ikomi A., et al. Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage in pregnancy. Eur. J. Obstet. Gyn. Reprod. Biol. 2004; 116(2): 131–143. doi: 10.1016/j.ejogob.2004.04.016.
  9. Allsop J., Navaneetham N., Cooper J. Maternal Physiology. In: Textbook of obstetric Anaesthesia. Eds.: R. Collins, F. Plaat, J. Urquhart. London: GMM, 2002: 21–28.
  10. Anic G.M. et al. Reproductive factors and risk of primary brain tumors in women. J. Neurooncol. 2014; 118(2): 297–304. doi: 10.1007/s11060-014-1427-0.
  11. Chow M.S., Mercier P.A., Omahen D.A., et al. Recurrent exophytic meningioma in pregnancy. Obstet. Gynecol. 2013; 121: 475–478. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0b013e31827e6251.
  12. Custer B. et al. Hormonal exposure and risk of intracranial meningioma in women: a population-based case-control study. BMC Cancer. 2006; 6: 152. doi: 10.1186/1471-2407-6-152.
  13. Kasper E.M., Hess P.E., Silasi M., et al. A pregnant female with a large intracranial mass: Reviewing the evidence to obtain management guidelines for intracranial meningiomas during pregnancy. Surg. Neurol. Int. 2010; 1: 95. doi: 10.4103/2152–7806.74242.
  14. Saitoh Y., Oku Y., Izumoto S. Rapid growth of a meningioma during pregnancy: Relationship with estrogen and progesterone receptors. Case report. Neurol. Med. Chir. 1989; 29: 440–443.
  15. Wigertz A., Lonn S., Mathiesen T., et al. Risk of brain tumors associated with exposure to exogenous female sex hormones. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2006; 164: 629–636. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwj254.
  16. Handbook of Neurosurgery. 7thed. Ed. Greenberg M.S. Ch. 30, 31. SAH and aneurysms, AVMs, venous angiomas. Berlin [etc.]: Thieme, 2010: 1034–1117.
  17. Kriplani A., Relan S., Misra N.K., et al. Ruptured intracranial aneurysm complicating pregnancy. Int. J. Gynecol. Obstet. 1995; 48: 201–206.
  18. Leblanc R. Unruptured aneurysms, multiple aneurysms, familial aneurysms, and aneurysms in pregnancy. In: Current management of cerebral aneurysms. Neurosurgical topics. Ch. 13. American Association of Neurological Surgeons, USA, 1993: 277–296.
  19. Rodman K.D., Awad J.A. Clinical presentation. In: Current management of cerebral aneurysms. Neurosurgical topics. Ch. 2. American Association of Neurological Surgeons, USA, 1993: 21–42.
  20. Riviello C., Ammannati F., Bordi L., et al. Pregnancy and subarachnoid hemorrhage: a case report. J. Mat. Fet. Neonat. Med. 2004; 16: 245–246. doi: 10.1080/14767050400014469.
  21. Conkin K.A., Herr G., Fung D. Anaesthesia for caesarean section and cerebral aneurysm clipping. Can. Anaesth. Soc. J. 1984; 31: 451–454.
  22. Jaeger K., Ruschulte H., Muhlhaus K., Tatagiba M. Combined emergency caesarean section and intracranial aneurysm clipping. Anaesthesia. 2000; 55: 1138–1140.
  23. Kataoka H., Miyoshi T., Neki R., et al. Subarachnoid hemorrhage from intracranial aneurysms during pregnancy and puerperium. Neurol. Med. Chir. 2013; 53: 549–554.
  24. Cho C.S., Kim Y.J., Cho K.T., et al. Temporary hidden aneurysms during pregnancy. A case report. Intervent. Neuroradiol. 2005; 11: 255–259.
  25. Kim K.D., Chang C.H., Choi B.Y., et al. Endovascular treatment of a ruptured posterior inferior cerebellar artery aneurysm during pregnancy. J. Korean Neurosurg. Soc. 2014; 55: 273–276. doi: 10.3340/jkns.2014.55.5.273.
  26. Liu P., Lv X., Li Y., Lv M. Endovascular management of intracranial aneurysms during pregnancy in three cases and review of the literature. Int. Neuroradiol. 2015; 21: 654–658. doi: 10.1177/1591019915609134.
  27. Meyers P.M., Halbach V.V., Malek A.M., et al. Endovascular treatment of cerebral artery aneurysms during pregnancy: report of three cases. Am. J. Neuroradiol. 2000; 21: 1306–1311.
  28. Piotin M., de Souza Filho C.B.A., Kothimbakam R., Moret J. Endovascular treatment of acutely ruptured intracranial aneurysms in pregnancy. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 2001; 185: 1261–1262.
  29. Pumar J.M., Pardo M.I., Carrera J.M., et al. Endovascular treatment of an acutely ruptured intracranial aneurysm in pregnancy: report of eight cases. Emerg. Radiol. 2010; 17: 205–207. doi: 10.1007/s10140-009-0848-0.
  30. Tarnaris A., Haliasos N., Watkins L.D. Endovascular of ruptured intracranial aneurysms during pregnancy: Is this the best way forward? Case report and review of the literature. Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg. 2012; 114: 703–706. doi: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2011.11.025.
  31. Лубнин А.Ю. Закись азота: есть ли еще место для применения этого старого анестетика в нейроанестезиологии? Вестн. инт. терапии. 2015; 3: 44–48. [Lubnin A.Yu. Nitrous oxide: is the place for this old anesthetic in neuroanesthesiology. Int. Therapy Gerald. 2015; 3: 44–48. (In Russ)]
  32. D’Haese J.D., Christiaens F., D’Haese J.D., et al. Combined cesarean section and clipping of a ruptured cerebral aneurysm: A case report. J. Neurosurg. Anesth. 1997; 9: 341–345.
  33. Leffert L.R., Schwamm L.H. Neuroaxial anesthesia in parturients with intracaranial pathology. A comprehensive review and reassessment of risk. Anesthesiology. 2013; 119: 703–718. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0b013e31829374c2
  34. ХейреддинА.С., Лубнин А.Ю., Кафтанов А.Н. и др. Хирургическое лечение пациентки с кровоизлиянием из АВМ во время беременности. Вопр. нейрохир. 2017; 1: 88–94. [Kheireddin A.S., Lubnin A.Yu., Kaftanov A.N., et al. Surgical treatment of patient with AVM’s hemorrhage during pregnancy. Journ. Voprosi Neurochirurgii. 2017; 1: 88–89. (In Russ)]
  35. Piotin M., Mounayer C., Spelle L., Moret J. Malformation arterioveneuses intracerebrale et grossesse: quelle prise en charge? J. Neuroradiol. 2004; 31: 376–378.
  36. Sayegh I., Clement H.-J., Gaucherand P., Rudigoz R.-C. Malformations vasculaires cerebrales et grossesse: conduit a tenir obstetricale et anesthesique. J. Gynecol. Obstet. Biol. Reprod. 2002; 31(4): 379–386.
  37. Trivedi R.A., Kirkpatrick P.J. Arteriovenous malformations of the cerebral circulation that rupture in pregnancy. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 2003; 23: 484–489. doi: 10.1080/0144361031000153684.
  38. Finnerty J.J., Chisholm C.A., Chapple H., et al. Cerebral arterio-venous malformation in pregnancy: Presentation and neurologic, obstetric, and ethical significance. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 1999; 181: 296–303.
  39. Yamada S., Nakase H., Nakagawa J., et al. Cavernous malformations in pregnancy. Neurol. Med. Chir. 2013; 55: 555–560.
  40. Lanska D.J., Kryscio R.J. Risk factors for peripartum and postpartum stroke and intracranial venous thrombosis. Stroke. 2000; 31: 1274–1282.
  41. Saposnik G., Barigarrementeria F., Brown R.D., et al. Diagnosis and management of cerebral venous thrombosis: a statement for healthcare professionals from American Heart Association / American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2011; 42: 1158–1192.
  42. Handbook of Neurosurgery. 7thed. Ed. Greenberg M.S. Ch. 33.4. Cerebrovascular venous thrombosis. Berlin [etc.]: Thieme, 2010: 1166–1170.
  43. Coutinho J.M., Ferro J.M., Canchao P., et al. Cerebral venous and sinus thrombosis in woman. Stroke. 2009; 40: 2356–2361. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.108.543884.
  44. McCaulley J.A., Pates J.A. Postpartum cerebral venous thrombosis. Obstet. Gynecol. 2011; 118: 423–425. doi: 10.1586/erc.11.98.
  45. Munira Y., Sakinah Z., Zunaina E. Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis presenting with diplopia in pregnancy: a case report. J. Med. Case Rep. 2012; 6: 336. doi: 10.1186/1752-1947-6-336.
  46. Yamamoto J., Kakeda S., Takahashi M., et al. Severe subarachnoid hemorrhage associated with cerebral venous thrombosis in early pregnancy. J. Emerg. Med. 2013; 45(6): 849–855. doi: 10.1016/jemermed.2013.05.063.
  47. Bonfield C.M., Eng J.A. Pregnancy and brain tumors. Neurol. Clin. 2012; 30: 937–946. doi: 10.1016/j.ncl.2012.04.003.
  48. Terry A.R., Barker F.G. II, Leffert L., et al. Outcomes of hospitalization in pregnant women’s with CNS neoplasms: a population based study. Neuro-Oncology. 2012; 14(6): 768–776. doi: 10.1093/neuron/nos078.
  49. Lynch J.C., Gouvea F., Emmerich J.C., et al. Management strategy for brain tumor diagnosed during pregnancy. Br. J. Neurosurg. 2011; 25: 225–230. doi: 10.3109/02688697.2010.508846.
  50. Al-Racheedy I.M, Al-Hameed F.M. Advanced case of glioblastoma multiforme in pregnancy. Neurosciences. 2015; 20(4): 388–391.
  51. Nossek E., Ekstein M., Barkay G., et al. Visual deterioration during pregnancy due to skull base tumors compressing the optic apparatus. Neurosurg. Rev. 2015; 38(3): 473-479. doi: 10.1007/s10143-015-0608-4.
  52. Ravindra V.M., Braca J.A., Jensen J.A., Duckworth E.A.M. Management of intracranial pathology during pregnancy: Case example and review of management strategies. Surg. Neurol. Int. 2015; 6: 43. doi: 10.4103/2152–7806.153845.
  53. Jayasekera B.A., Bacon A.D., Whitefield P.C. Management of glioblastoma multiforme in pregnancy. J. Neurosurg. 2012; 116: 1187–1194. doi: 10.3171/2012.2.JNS112077.
  54. McGrane J., Bedford T., Kelly S. Successful pregnancy and delivery after concomitant temozolamide and radiotherapy treatment of glioblastoma multiforme. Clin. Oncol. 2012; 24: 311. doi: 10.1016/j.clon.2012.01.005.
  55. Klein A. The postpartum period in women with epilepsy. Neurol. Clin. 2012; 30: 867–875. doi: 10.1016/j.ncl.2012.06.001.
  56. Krumholz A. Epilepsy in pregnancy. In: Neurological disorders of pregnancy. 2nded. Eds.: P.J. Goldstein, B.J. Stern. Mount Kisco, NY: Futura Publishing Inc, 1992: 25–50.
  57. Handbook of Neurosurgery. 7thed. Ed. Greenberg M.S. Ch. 21. Tumors. Berlin [etc.]: Thieme, 2010: 582–769.
  58. Balki M., Manninen P.H. Craniotomy for suprasellar meningioma in a 28-week pregnant woman without fetal heart rate monitoring. Can. J. Anaesth. 2004; 51: 573–576. doi: 1007/BF03018400.
  59. Berete P., Vignol-Clermont C., Boissonnet H., et al. Meningiomes du nerf optique, questions diagnostiques et nouvelles responses therapeutiques. J. Fr. Ophtalmol. 2006; 29(4): 426–431.
  60. Kurdoglu Z., Cetin O., Gulsen J., et al. Intracranial meningioma diagnosed during pregnancy caused maternal death. Case Rep. Med. 2014: 158326. doi: 10.1155/2014/158326.
  61. Macarthur A. Craniotomy for suprasellar meningioma during pregnancy: role of fetal monitoring. Can. J. Anaesth. 2004; 51(6): 535–538. doi: 10.1007/BF03018393.
  62. Sahu S., Lata I., Gupta D. Management of pregnant female with meningioma for craniotomy. J. Neurosci. Rur. Pract. 2010; 1(1): 35–37. doi: 10.4103/0976–3147.63101.
  63. Verheecke M., Halaska M.J., Lok Ch. A., et al. Primary brain tumors, meningiomas and brain metastases in pregnancy: Report on 27 cases and review of literature. Eur. J. Cancer. 2014; 50: 1462–1471. doi: 10.1016/j.ejca.2014.02.018.
  64. Powel M. Pituitary tumors and pregnancy. Acta Neurochir. 2011; 153: 1737–1738. doi: 10.1007/s00701-011-1062-x.
  65. Лубнин А.Ю., Калинин П.Л., Фомичев Д.В.и др. Аденома гипофиза у беременной с выраженным снижением зрения: клиническое наблюдение. Вестн. инт. терапии. 2016; 4: 67–71. [Lubnin A.Yu., Kalinin P.L., Fomitchev D.V, et al. Pituitary adenoma in pregnant patient with a serious vision impairment: clinical observation. Int. Ther. Gerald. 2016; 4: 67–71. (In Russ)]
  66. Kasuki L., Neto L.V., Takiya C.M., Gadelha M.R. Growth of an aggressive tumor during pregnancy in an acromegalic patient. Endocrine J. 2012; 59: 313–319.
  67. Mellor A., Harvey R.D., Rolereskin L.H., Sneyd J.R. Cushing’s disease treated by trans-sphenoidal selective adenomectomy in mid-pregnancy. Br. J. Anaesth. 1998; 80: 850–852.
  68. Wu J., Ma Y.-H., Wang T.-L. Glioma in the third trimester of pregnancy: Two cases and review of the literature. Oncol. Lett. 2013; 5: 943–946. doi: 10.3892/ol.2013.1106.
  69. ШифманЕ.М., Орджоникидзе Н.В., Полянчикова О.Л. и др. Гемангиоперицитома мозжечка, манифестировавшая во время беременности. Клиническое наблюдение с благоприятным исходом. Акуш. и гинекол. 2011; 7(1): 73–78. [Shifman E.M., Ordjonikidze N.V., Poljanchikova O.L., et al. Cerebellar hemangiopericitoma manifested during pregnancy. Clinical observation with good outcome. Аkush. i ginekol. 2011; 7(1): 73–78. (In Russ)]
  70. Harris T., Davenport R., Hurst T., et al. Improving outcome in severe trauma: What’s new in ABC? Imaging, bleeding and brain injury. Postgrad. Med. J. 2012; 88: 595–603. doi: 10.1136/postgradmedj-2011-130285.
  71. Kuczkowski K.M. Trauma in the pregnant patient. Curr. Opin. Anesthesiol. 2004; 17: 145–150.
  72. Pacheco L., Howel P., Sherwood E.R. Trauma and critical care. In: Chestnut’s Obstetric Anesthesia. Principles and practice. 5thed. Eds.: D.H. Chestnut et al. Philadelphia: Elsevier, 2014: 545–603.
  73. Esmaeilzadeh M., Dictus C., Kayvanpour E., et al. One life ends, another begins: management of brain-dead pregnant mother — a systematic review. BMC Med. 2010; 8: 74. doi: 10.1186/1741-7015-8-74.
  74. Vijay K., Shetty A.P., Rajasekaran S. Symptomatic vertebral hemangioma in pregnancy treated antepartum. Case report with review of literature. Eur. Spine J. 2008; 17(Suppl. 2): S299–S303. doi: 10.1007/s00586-008-0592-2.
  75. Moles A., Hamel O., Perret C., et al. Symptomatic vertebral hemangiomas during pregnancy. J. Neurosurg. Spine. 2014; 20: 585–591. doi: abs/10.3171/2014.2.SPINE.3595.
  76. ЛубнинА.Ю., Коновалов Н.А., Шмигельский А.В. и др. Острая спинальная катастрофа, вызванная доброкачественным объемным образованием спинного мозга, у беременной женщины: клиническое наблюдение. Вестн. инт. терапии. 2016; 1: 50–57. [Lubnin A.Yu., Konovalov N.A., Shmigelsky A.V., et al. Acute spinal catastrophe induced by not malignant tumors of spinal cord in pregnant patient: clinical observation. Int. Ther. Gerald. 2016; 1: 50–57. (In Russ)]
  77. Handbook of Neurosurgery. 7thed. Ed. Greenberg M.S. Ch. 18. Spine and spinal cord. Berlin [etc.]: Thieme, 2010: 428–530.
  78. Liakos A.M., Bradley N.K. Muszynski C., et al. Hydrocephalus and the reproductive health of women: the medical implications of maternal shunt dependency in 70 women and 138 pregnancies. Neurol. Res. 2000; 22: 69–88.
  79. Littleford J.A., Brockhurst N.J., Bernstein E.P., Georgoussis S.E. Obstetrical anesthesia for a parturient with a ventriculoperitoneal shunt and third ventriculostomy. Can.J. Anaesth. 1999; 46: 1057–1063.
  80. Белоусова О.Б., Коновалов А.Н. Кавернозные мальформации центральной нервной системы. М.: Антидор, 2014. [Belousova O.B., Konovalov A.N. Cavernous malformations of central nervous system. Moscow: Antidor, 2014. (In Russ)]
  81. Wisof J.H., Kratzert K.J., Handwerker S.M., et al. Pregnancy in patients with CSF shunts: report of a series and review of the literature. Neurosurgery. 1991; 29: 827–831.
  82. Yu J.N. Pregnancy and extracranial shunts: case report and review of the literature. J. Fam. Pract. 1994; 38: 622–626.
  83. Freo U., Pitton M., Carron M., Ori C. Anesthesia for urgent sequential ventriculoperitoneal shunt revision and cesarean delivery. Int. J. Obstet. Anesth. 2009; 18: 284–287. doi: 10.1016/j.ijoa.2009.02.011.
  84. Samuels P., Driscoll D.A., Landon M.B., et al. Cerebrospinal fluid shunts in pregnancy. Report of two cases and review of the literature. Am. J. Perinatol. 1988; 5: 22–25.
  85. Schiza S., Stamatakis E., Panagopoulou A., Valsamidis D. Management of pregnancy and delivery of a patient with malfunctioning ventriculoperitoneal shunt. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 2012; 32: 6–9. doi: 10.3109/01443615.2011.622058.
  86. Hirsh I., Grbcic P. Cesarean section in spinal anesthesia on a patient with mesencephalic tumor and ventriculoperitoneal drainage. A case report. Korean J. Anesth. 2012; 63: 263–265. doi: 10.4097/kjae.2012.63.3.263.
  87. Levinson G., Shnider S.M., DeLorimier A.A., Steffenson J.L. Effect of maternal hyperventilation on uterine blood flow and acid-base status. Anesthesiology. 1974; 40: 340–347.
  88. Bruns P.D., Linder R.O., Drose V.E., Battaglia F. The placentar transfer of water from fetus to mother following the i/v infusion of hypertonic mannitol to the maternal rabbit. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 1963; 86: 160–167.
  89. Tsen L.C. Anesthesia for cesarean delivery. In: Chestnut’s Obstetric Anesthesia. Principles and practice. 5thed. Eds.: Chestnut et al. Philadelphia : Elsevier, 2014: 545–603.
  90. Rathmell J.P., Neal J.M., Viscomi C.M. Regional Anesthesia. The requisites in anesthesiology. Philadelphia: Elsevier, 2004: 218.
  91. Wong C.A. Spinal and epidural anesthesia. NY: McGraw-Hill, 2007.
  92. Su T.M., Lan C.M., Yang L.C., et al. Brain tumor presenting with fatal herniation following delivery under epidural anesthesia. Anesthesiology. 2002; 96: 508–509.
  93. Ghaly R.F., Candido K., Chupatanakul L., Knezevic N.N. Magnetic resonance imaging is essential prior to spinal subarachnoid blockade for parturients with a history of brain tumor resection undergoing cesarean section. Surg. Neurol. Int. 2012; 3: 75. doi: 10.4103/2152-2152-7806.98504.
  94. Joshi S., Ornstein E., Young W.L. Cerebral and spinal cord blood flow. In: Eds.: J. Cottrell, J. Young. Philadelphia: Mosby Elsevier, 2010: 17–59.
  95. Premo A.M., Kilpatrik S.J. Fetal heart rate monitoring. In: Anesthesia and the Fetus. Eds.: Y. Ginosar et al. Willey-Blackwell, 2013: 104–113.
  96. Gist R.S., Beilin Y. The effect of anesthetic drugs on the developing fetus: considerations in non-obstetric surgery. In: Anesthesia and the Fetus. Eds.: Y. Ginosar et al. Willey-Blackwell, 2013: 156–172.
  97. Hudspith M. Anaesthesia during pregnancy. In: Textbook of obstetric anaesthesia. Eds.: R.Collins et al. London: GMM, 2002: 293–314.
Лицензия Creative Commons

Это произведение доступно по лицензии Creative Commons «Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike» («Атрибуция — Некоммерческое использование — На тех же условиях») 4.0 Всемирная.

Copyright (c) 2018 ВЕСТНИК ИНТЕНСИВНОЙ ТЕРАПИИ имени А.И. САЛТАНОВА

Наиболее читаемые статьи этого автора (авторов)