Периоперационное ведение пациентов пожилого и старческого возраста. Методические рекомендации
ISSN (print) 1726-9806     ISSN (online) 1818-474X
#3 2022
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Ключевые слова

пациенты пожилого и старческого возраста
периоперационное ведение
анестезия
старческая астения
нутритивная недостаточность
когнитивные нарушения

Как цитировать

Заболотских И.Б., Горобец Е.С., Григорьев Е.В., Котовская Ю.В., Лебединский К.М., Мусаева Т.С., Мхитарян Э.А., Овечкин А.М., Остапенко В.С., Розанов А.В., Рунихина Н.К., Ткачева О.Н., Трембач Н.В., Хороненко В.Э., Чердак М.А. Периоперационное ведение пациентов пожилого и старческого возраста. Методические рекомендации. Вестник интенсивной терапии имени А.И. Салтанова. 2022;(3):7–26. doi:10.21320/1818-474X-2022-3-7-26.

Статистика

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Аннотация

Периоперационное ведение пациентов пожилого возраста остается одной из самых сложных задач современной анестезиологии. По сравнению с молодыми пациентами люди старше 60 лет имеют более высокий риск развития неблагоприятных послеоперационных исходов в результате связанного с возрастом снижения физиологических функций, наличия нескольких сопутствующих заболеваний, полипрагмазии, когнитивной дисфункции и специфических гериатрических синдромов, таких как старческая астения. Более четверти этой категории больных имеют хронические заболевания сердечно-сосудистой, нервной, эндокринной систем, органов дыхания, кроветворения, пищеварения, опорно-двигательного аппарата, нередко их сочетание. Возрастная инволюция обменных процессов, уменьшение реактивности и адаптационной способности пожилого организма, наряду с хирургическим, часто большим по объему и травматичности, повреждением, существенно увеличивают риск периоперационных осложнений и летальности.

В методических рекомендациях даны определения понятий пожилого и старческого возраста и представлены основные характеристики возрастных изменений, влияющих на проведение анестезии и интенсивной терапии у этого контингента больных. Указаны ведущие клинические симптомы и синдромы, наиболее важные для прогнозирования неблагоприятного течения периоперационного периода, в том числе старческая астения, нутритивная недостаточность, когнитивная дисфункция. Отдельно представлены методики оценки функциональной активности и риска падений.

Особое внимание уделено принципам диагностики, лечения и профилактики респираторных, сердечно-сосудистых осложнений и послеоперационного делирия.

Описаны основы периоперационного ведения и подходы к выбору метода анестезии у пациентов старшей возрастной группы в зависимости от особенностей хирургических вмешательств и характера сопутствующей патологии.

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