Аннотация
Гликокаликс представляет собой гелеобразный слой, покрывающий поверхность сосудистых эндотелиальных клеток. Он состоит из прикрепленных к мембране протеогликанов, гликозаминогликановых цепей, гликопротеинов и адгезивных белков плазмы. Гликокаликс играет ключевую роль в поддержании гомеостаза сосудов, контролирует проницаемость сосудов и тонус микроциркуляторного русла, предотвращает микрососудистый тромбоз и регулирует адгезию лейкоцитов. При сепсисе и септическом шоке происходит повреждение и сброс гликокаликса. Деградация гликокаликса активируется активными формами кислорода и провоспалительными цитокинами, такими как фактор некроза опухоли (TNF) и интерлейкин-1β (ИЛ-1β). Опосредованная воспалением деградация гликокаликса приводит к гиперпроницаемости сосудов, нерегулируемой вазодилатации, тромбозу микрососудов и усиленной адгезии лейкоцитов. Клинические исследования продемонстрировали корреляцию между уровнями гликокаликсных компонентов в крови и дисфункцией органов и смертностью при сепсисе и септическом шоке. Индуцированное воспалением повреждение гликокаликса может быть причиной ряда специфических клинических эффектов сепсиса, включая острое повреждение почек, дыхательную недостаточность и дисфункцию печени. Инфузионная терапия является неотъемлемой частью лечения сепсиса, но сверхагрессивные методы инфузионной нагрузки (приводящие к гиперволемии) могут усиливать деградацию гликокаликса. Более того, некоторые маркеры деградации гликокаликса, такие как циркулирующие уровни синдекана-1 или гепарансульфат, могут использоваться в качестве маркеров эндотелиальной дисфункции и тяжести сепсиса.
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