A modern view on the treatment of acute bronchiolitis in pediatric intensive care units: a review
Issue 3 (2022) , ANESTHESIA AND INTENSIVE CARE IN PEDIATRICS
Issue 3 (2022)
ANESTHESIA AND INTENSIVE CARE IN PEDIATRICS

A modern view on the treatment of acute bronchiolitis in pediatric intensive care units: a review

https://doi.org/10.21320/1818-474X-2022-3-111-123
Published 29.07.2022
A.E. Tsygankov
Kommunarka Multifunctional Clinical Centre Moscow Healthcare department, Russia
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3600-2801
D.Y. Ovsyannikov
Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4961-384X
I.I. Afukov
Filatov Children’s Hospital, Russia; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University (RNRMU), Moscow, Russia
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9850-6779
O.N. Solodovnikova
Kommunarka Multifunctional Clinical Centre Moscow Healthcare department, Russia
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2792-4903
O.M. Gosteva
Kommunarka Multifunctional Clinical Centre Moscow Healthcare department, Russia
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9227-2342
D.M. Kostin
Kommunarka Multifunctional Clinical Centre Moscow Healthcare department, Russia
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0426-6837
I.N. Tyurin
Kommunarka Multifunctional Clinical Centre Moscow Healthcare department, Russia; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University (RNRMU), Moscow, Russia
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5696-1586
Denis N. Protsenko
Kommunarka Multifunctional Clinical Centre Moscow Healthcare department, Russia; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University (RNRMU), Moscow, Russia
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5166-3280
#3 2022
PDF_2022-3_111-123 (Русский)
HTML_2022-3_111-123 (Русский)

Keywords

bronchiolitis
intensive care units
critical care
fluid therapy
respiratory therapy
child

How to Cite

Tsygankov A.E., Ovsyannikov D.Y., Afukov I.I., Solodovnikova O.N., Gosteva O.M., Kostin D.M., Tyurin I.N., Protsenko D.N. A modern view on the treatment of acute bronchiolitis in pediatric intensive care units: a review. Annals of Critical Care. 2022;(3):111–123. doi:10.21320/1818-474X-2022-3-111-123.
ACM ACS APA ABNT Chicago Harvard IEEE MLA Turabian Vancouver AMA GOST

Download Citation

Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS) BibTeX

Statistic

Abstract Views: 80
PDF_2022-3_111-123 (Русский) Downloads: 35
HTML_2022-3_111-123 (Русский) Downloads: 37
Statistic from 21.01.2023

Language

English Русский

Announcements

Social Networks

Abstract

INTRODUCTION. The literature has accumulated enough data on the treatment of children with acute bronchiolitis (OB). However, this information is formed mainly on the general population of patients with OB and is often not applicable to patients with a severe course of the disease. From the standpoint of evidence-based medicine, routine use of medications is not recommended in modern consent documents, and there are also no clear recommendations on respiratory support and certain aspects of intensive care in children with OB. OBJECTIVES. To analyze approaches to therapy in children with severe acute course in need of intensive care, and to assess the validity, effectiveness and safety of the use of the analyzed groups of drugs and respiratory strategies. MATERIALS AND METHODS. The analysis of publications in the electronic databases PubMed and the Russian Scientific Citation Index on the keywords “bronchiolitis”, “intensive care units”, “critical care”, “fluid therapy”, “respiratory therapy”, “ventilation”, “co-morbidity”; “respiratory syncytial virus”; “hypertonic saline” was carried out, “corticosteroids”; “epinephrine”; “high-flow oxygen therapy”, “inhalation”, “infant”, “bronchiolitis in children”. The date of the last search is January 15, 2022. RESULTS. This systematic review provides information on the etiology and risk factors of severe acute respiratory syndrome in children, from the standpoint of evidence-based medicine, studies on the treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome are characterized, including in the intensive care unit with glucocorticosteroids, inhalations of bronchodilators, epinephrine, 3 % hypertonic sodium chloride solution, respiratory support, high-flow oxygenation, noninvasive ventilation, artificial ventilation, antibiotics, air-helium mixture. CONCLUSIONS. Currently, there is more information that infants with OB show a high degree of heterogeneity, while the main uncertainty lies in a misunderstanding of the processes, which patients will benefit most from a particular treatment method. Further research is needed to fill the research deficit in children with a severe course of OB.

https://doi.org/10.21320/1818-474X-2022-3-111-123
PDF_2022-3_111-123 (Русский)
HTML_2022-3_111-123 (Русский)

References

  1. Клинические рекомендации. Острый бронхиолит. 2021-2022-2023 (09.11.2021). Утв. Минздравом РФ. М.: 2021: 22 с. URL: https://zdrav.khv.gov.ru/sites/files/zdrav/docs/2020/8f87c0499833e6e32eb9.pdf [Clinical recommendations. Acute bronchiolitis. 2021-2022-2023 (09.11.2021). Approved by the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. M.: 2021: 22 p. URL: https://zdrav.khv.gov.ru/sites/files/zdrav/docs/2020/8f87c0499833e6e32eb9.pdf (In Russ)]
  2. Неонатальная пульмонология. Под ред. Д.Ю. Овсянникова. М., 2022. [Neonatal pulmonology. Edited by D.Y. Ovsyannikov. M., 2022. (In Russ)]
  3. Schlapbach L.J., Straney L., Gelbart B., et al. Burden of disease and change in practice in critically ill infants with bronchiolitis. Eur Respir J. 2017; 49: 1601648. DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01648-2016
  4. Pelletier J.H., Au A.K., Fuhrman D., et al. Trends in Bronchiolitis ICU Admissions and Ventilation Practices: 2010–2019. Pediatrics. 2021; 147(6): e2020039115.
  5. Mahant S., Parkin P.C., Thavam T., et al. Rates in Bronchiolitis Hospitalization, Intensive Care Unit Use, Mortality, and Costs From 2004 to 2018. JAMA Pediatr. 2022; 176(3): 270–9. DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.5177
  6. Marcos-Morales A., García-Salido A., Leoz-Gordillo I., et al. Respiratory and pharmacological management in severe acute bronchiolitis: Were clinical guidelines not written for critical care? Arch Pediatr. 2021; 28(2): 150–5. DOI: 10.1016/j.arcped.2020.11.007
  7. Baraldi E., Lanari M., Manzoni P., et al. Inter-society consensus document on treatment and prevention of bronchiolitis in newborns and infants. Ital J Pediatr. 2014; 40: 65. DOI: 10.1186/1824-7288- 40-65
  8. Friedman J.N., Rieder M.J., Walton J.M.; Canadian Paediatric Society, Acute Care Committee, Drug Therapy and Hazardous Substances Committee. Bronchiolitis: recommendations for diagnosis, monitoring and management of children one to 24 months of age. Paediatr Child Health. 2014; 19: 485–98. DOI: 10.1093/pch/19.9.485
  9. National Collaborating Centre for Women’s and Children’s Health (UK). Bronchiolitis: Diagnosis and Management of Bronchiolitis in Children. London: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE); 2015 Jun. (NICE Guideline, No. 9.)
  10. Tapiainen T., Aittoniemi J., Immonen J., et al. Finnish guidelines for the treatment of laryngitis, wheezing bronchitis and bronchiolitis in children. Acta Paediatr. 2016; 105: 44–9. DOI: 10.1111/apa.13162
  11. O’Brien S., Borland M.L., Cotterell E., et al. Paediatric Research in Emergency Departments International Collaborative (PREDICT) Network, Australasia. Australasian bronchiolitis guideline. J Paediatr Child Health. 2019; 55(1): 42–53. DOI: 10.1111/jpc.14104
  12. Mecklin M., Heikkilä P., Korppi M. The change in management of bronchiolitis in the intensive care unit between 2000 and 2015. Eur J Pediatr. 2018; 177(7): 1131–7. DOI: 10.1007/s00431-018-3156-4
  13. Pierce H.C., Mansbach J.M., Fisher E.S., et al. Variability of intensive care management for children with bronchiolitis. Hosp Pediatr. 2015; 5: 175–84. DOI: 1542/hpeds.2014-0125
  14. Midulla F., Pierangeli A., Cangiano G., et al. Rhinovirus bronchiolitis and recurrent wheezing: 1-year follow-up. Eur Respir J. 2012, 39: 396–402.
  15. Mansbach J.M., Piedra P.A., Teach S.J., et al; MARC-30 Investigators. Prospective multicenter study of viral etiology and hospital length of stay in children with severe bronchiolitis. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2012; 166(8): 700–6. DOI: 10.1001/archpediatrics.2011.1669
  16. Bont L., Checchia P.A., Fauroux B., et al. Defining the epidemiology and burden of severe respiratory syncytial virus infection among infants and children in Western countries. Infect. Dis. Ther. 2016; 5: 271–98.
  17. Chen S., Wang Y., Li A., et al. Etiologies of Hospitalized Acute Bronchiolitis in Children 2 Years of Age and Younger: A 3 Years’ Study During a Pertussis Epidemic. Front Pediatr. 2021; 9: 621381. DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.621381
  18. Shi T., McAllister D.A., O’Brien K.L., et al. Global, regional, and national disease burden estimates of acute lower respiratory infections due to respiratory syncytial virus in young children in 2015: A systematic review and modelling study. Lancet. 2017; 390: 946–58.
  19. Pham H., Thompson J., Wurzel D., Duke T. Ten years of severe respiratory syncytial virus infections in a tertiary paediatric intensive care unit. J Paediatr Child Health. 2020; 56(1): 61–7. DOI: 10.1111/jpc.14491
  20. Binns E., Koenraads M., Hristeva L., et al. Influenza and respiratory syncytial virus during the COVID-19 pandemic: Time for a new paradigm? Pediatr Pulmonol. 2022; 57(1): 38–42. DOI: 10.1002/ppul.25719
  21. Andina-Martinez D., Alonso-Cadenas J.A., Cobos-Carrascosa E., et al.; EPICO-AEP Working Group. SARS-CoV-2 acute bronchiolitis in hospitalized children: Neither frequent nor more severe. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2022; 57(1): 57– DOI: 10.1002/ppul.25731
  22. Овсянников Д.Ю., Кршеминская И.В. Иммунопрофилактика респираторно-синцитиальной вирусной инфекции: почему это важно с эпидемиологической и клинической точки зрения. Неонатология: новости, мнения, обучение. 2017; 2: 34–49. DOI: 10.24411/2308-2402-2017-00026 [Ovsyannikov D.Yu., Krsheminskaya I.V. Immunoprophylaxis of respiratory syncytial viral infection: why it is important from an epidemiological and clinical point of view. Neonatology: news, opinions, training. 2017; 2: 34–49. DOI: 10.24411/2308-2402-2017-00026 (In Russ)]
  23. Karampatsas K., Kong J., Cohen J. Bronchiolitis: an update on management and prophylaxis. Br J Hosp Med (Lond). 2019; 80(5): 278–4. DOI: 10.12968/hmed.2019.80.5.278
  24. Babl F.E., Franklin D., Schlapbach L.J., et al.; Paediatric Research in Emergency Departments International Collaborative and Pediatric Critical Care Research Group. Enteral hydration in high-flow therapy for infants with bronchiolitis: Secondary analysis of a randomised trial. J Paediatr Child Health. 2020; 56(6): 950– DOI: 10.1111/jpc.14799
  25. Flore-Gonzalez J.C., Valladares C.M., Yun Castilla C., et al. Association of Fluid Overload With Clinical Outcomes in Critically Ill Children With Bronchiolitis: Bronquiolitis en La Unidad De Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos (BRUCIP) Study. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2019; 20: e130–e136.
  26. Inglese S.A., Wiegers H.M., Calis J.C., et al. Early fluid overload prolongs mechanical ventilation in children with viral-lower respiratory tract disease. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2017; 18: e106–e111.
  27. Inglese S.A., Geukers V.G., Diisselhof M.E., et al. Less is more?—A feasibility study of fluid strategy in critically ill children with acute respiratory tract infection. Front Pediatr. 2019; 7: 496.
  28. Lavagno C., Milani G.P., Uestuener P., et al. Hyponatremia in children with acute respiratory infections: a reappraisal. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2017; 52(7): 962–7.
  29. Moritz M.L. Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis. Pediatr Clin N Am. 2019; 66(1): 209–26.
  30. Gultekingil A. Hyponatremia in Acute Bronchiolitis. Indian J Pediatr. 2021; 88(4): 404. DOI: 10.1007/s12098-020-03595-3
  31. Huguet A., Valla F., Toulouse J., et al. Occurrence and risk factors associated with seizures in infants with severe bronchiolitis. Eur J Pediatr. 2021; 180(9): 2959–67. DOI: 10.1007/s00431-021-04070-7
  32. Rodrigues R.M., Schvartsman B.G., Farhat S.C., et al. Hypotonic solution decreases serum sodium in infants with moderate bronchiolitis. Acta Paediatr. 2014; 103(3): e111–e115.
  33. Swart R.M., Hoorn E.J., Betjes M.G., et al. Hyponatremia and inflammation: the emerging role of interleukin-6 in osmoregulation. Nephron Physiol. 2011; 118(2): 45–51.
  34. Kreydiyyeh S.I., Al-Sadi R. The signal transduction pathway that mediates the effect of interleukin-1 beta on the Na+-K+-ATPase in LLC-PK1 cells. Pflugers Arch. 2004; 448(2): 231–8.
  35. Freeman M.A., Ayus J.C., Moritz M.L. Maintenance intravenous fluid prescribing practices among paediatric residents. Acta Paediatr. 2012; 101: e465–e468.
  36. Frouget T. The syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis. Rev Med Interne. 2012; 33: 556–66.
  37. Feld L.G., Neuspiel D.R., Foster B.A., et al. Clinical practice guideline: maintenance intravenous fluids in children. Pediatrics. 2018; 142: e20183083.
  38. Kumar M., Mitra K., Jain R. Isotonic versus hypotonic saline as maintenance intravenous fluid therapy in children under 5 years of age admitted to general paediatric wards: a randomised controlled trial. Paediatr Int Child Health. 2020; 40(1): 44–9. DOI: 10.1080/20469047.2019.1619059
  39. Gadomski A.M., Scribani M.B. Bronchodilators for bronchiolitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014; 2014(6): CD001266. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001266.pub4
  40. Cai Z., Lin Y., Liang J. Efficacy of salbutamol in the treatment of infants with bronchiolitis: A meta-analysis of 13 studies. Medicine (Baltimore). 2020; 99(4): e18657. DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000018657
  41. Rodríguez-Martínez C.E., Nino G., Castro-Rodriguez J.A., et al. For which infants with viral bronchiolitis could it be deemed appropriate to use albuterol, at least on a therapeutic trial basis? Allergol Immunopathol (Madr). 2021; 49(1): 153– DOI: 10.15586/aei.v49i1.12
  42. Hartling L., Bialy L.M., Vandermeer B., et al. Epinephrine for bronchiolitis. Cochrane database Syst Rev. 2011; 6: CD003123. DOI: 1002/14651858.CD003123.pub3
  43. Friedman J.N., Rieder M.J., Walton J.M.; Canadian Paediatric Society, Acute Care Committee, Drug Therapy and Hazardous Substances Committee. Bronchiolitis: Recommendations for diagnosis, monitoring and management of children one to 24 months of age. Paediatr Child Health. 2014; 19(9): 485– DOI: 10.1093/pch/19.9.485
  44. Haskell L., Tavender E.J., Wilson C.L., et al. PREDICT Network. Effectiveness of Targeted Interventions on Treatment of Infants With Bronchiolitis: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Pediatr. 2021; 175(8): 797–806. DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.0295
  45. Yasin F., Afridi Z.S., Mahmood Q., et al. Role of nebulized epinephrine in moderate bronchiolitis: a quasi-randomized trial. Ir J Med Sci. 2021; 190(1): 239–42. DOI: 10.1007/s11845-020-02293-5
  46. Gelbart B., McSharry B., Delzoppo C., et al. Pragmatic randomized trial of corticosteroids and inhaled epinephrine for bronchiolitis in children in intensive care (DAB trial). J Pediatr. 2022; 244: 17–23.e1. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2022.01.031
  47. Fernandes R.M., Bialy L.M., Vandermeer B., et al. Glucocorticoids for acute viral bronchiolitis in infants and young children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013; 6: CD004878. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004878
  48. Ahsan Baig M.M., Anwaar O., Hussain M., et al. Efficacy of Prednisolone in bronchiolitis with and without family history of atopy. J Pak Med Assoc. 2019; 69(10): 1448–
  49. Alansari K., Sakran M., Davidson B.L., et al. Oral dexamethasone for bronchiolitis: a randomized trial. Pediatrics. 2013; 132(4): e810–e816. DOI: 10.1542/peds.2012-3746
  50. van Woensel J.B., Vyas H.; STAR Trial Group. Dexamethasone in children mechanically ventilated for lower respiratory tract infection caused by respiratory syncytial virus: a randomized controlled trial. Crit Care Med. 2011; 39(7): 1779–83. DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e318218a030
  51. Kimura S., Ahn J.B., Takahashi M., et al. Effectiveness of corticosteroids for post-extubation stridor and extubation failure in pediatric patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intensive Care. 2020; 10(1): 155. DOI: 10.1186/s13613-020-00773-6
  52. Drago B.B., Kimura D., Rovnaghi C.R., et al. Double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot randomized trial of methylprednisolone infusion in pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2015; 16(3) :e74–e81. DOI: 10.1097/PCC.0000000000000349
  53. Guitart C., Alejandre C., Torrús I., et al. Impacto de una modificación de la guía de práctica clínica de la Academia Americana de Pediatría en el manejo de la bronquiolitis aguda grave en una unidad de cuidados intensivos pediátricos. Med Intensiva. 2019. DOI: 1016/j.medin.2019.10.006
  54. Zhang L., Mendoza-Sassi R.A., Wainwright C., Klassen T.P. Nebulised hypertonic saline solution for acute bronchiolitis in infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017; 2017(12): CD006458. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006458.pub4
  55. Heikkilä P, Korppi M. Hypertonic saline in bronchiolitis: an updated meta-analysis. Arch Dis Child. 2021; 106(1): 102. DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2020-319048
  56. Brooks C.G., Harrison W.N., Ralston S.L. Association Between Hypertonic Saline and Hospital Length of Stay in Acute Viral Bronchiolitis: A Reanalysis of 2 Meta-analyses. JAMA Pediatr. 2016; 170(6): 577–84. DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2016.0079
  57. Stobbelaar K., Kool M., de Kruijf D., et al. Nebulised hypertonic saline in children with bronchiolitis admitted to the paediatric intensive care unit: A retrospective study. J Paediatr Child Health. 2019; 55(9): 1125–32. DOI: 10.1111/jpc.14371
  58. Wang Z.Y., Li X.D., Sun A.L., Fu X.Q. Efficacy of 3 % hypertonic saline in bronchiolitis: A meta-analysis. Exp Ther Med. 2019; 18(2): 1338–44. DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7684
  59. Lin J., Zhang Y., Song A., et al. Exploring the appropriate dose of nebulized hypertonic saline for bronchiolitis: a dose-response meta-analysis. J Investig Med. 2022; 70(1): 46–54. DOI: 10.1136/jim-2021-001947
  60. Sapkota S., Kaleem A., Huma S., et al. Comparison of 3 % saline and 0.9 % normal saline nebulization as diluent in children with bronchiolitis. J Pak Med Assoc. 2021; 71(3): 822–5. DOI: 10.47391/JPMA.569
  61. Elliott S.A., Gaudet L.A., Fernandes R.M., et al. Comparative Efficacy of Bronchiolitis Interventions in Acute Care: A Network Meta-analysis. Pediatrics. 2021; 147(5): e2020040816. DOI: 10.1542/peds.2020-040816
  62. Buendía J.A., Patiño D.G. Budget Impact Analysis of Hypertonic Saline Inhalations for Infant Bronchiolitis: The Colombian National Health System Perspective. Value Health Reg Issues. 2021; 28: 14–8. DOI: 10.1016/j.vhri.2021.07.008
  63. Goligher E.C., Slutsky A.S. Not Just Oxygen? Mechanisms of Benefit from High-Flow Nasal Cannula in Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2017; 195(9): 1128–31. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201701-0006ED
  64. Jat K.R., Mathew J.L. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for acute bronchiolitis in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019; 1(1): CD010473. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD010473.pub3
  65. Borgi A., Louati A., Ghali N., et al. High flow nasal cannula therapy versus continuous positive airway pressure and nasal positive pressure ventilation in infants with severe bronchiolitis: a randomized controlled trial. Pan Afr Med J. 2021; 40: 133. DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2021.40.133.30350
  66. Delacroix E., Millet A., Wroblewski I., et al. Has the introduction of high-flow nasal cannula modified the clinical characteristics and outcomes of infants with bronchiolitis admitted to pediatric intensive care units? A retrospective study. Arch Pediatr. 2021; 28(2): 141–6. DOI: 10.1016/j.arcped.2020.11.006
  67. Dafydd C., Saunders B.J., Kotecha S.J., Edwards M.O. Efficacy and safety of high flow nasal oxygen for children with bronchiolitis: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open Respir Res. 2021; 8(1): DOI: 10.1136/bmjresp-2020-000844
  68. Milési C., Boubal M., Jacquot A., et al. High-flow nasal cannula: recommendations for daily practice in pediatrics. Ann Intensive Care. 2014; 4: 29. DOI: 10.1186/s13613-014-0029-5
  69. Ball M., Hilditch C., Hargreaves G.A., Baulderstone D. Impact of initial flow rate of high-flow nasal cannula on clinical outcomes in infants with bronchiolitis. J Paediatr Child Health. 2022; 58(1): 141–5. DOI: 10.1111/jpc.15679.
  70. Milési C., Pierre A.F., et al.; GFRUP Respiratory Study Group. A multicenter randomized controlled trial of a 3-L/kg/min versus 2-L/kg/min high-flow nasal cannula flow rate in young infants with severe viral bronchiolitis (TRAMONTANE 2). Intensive Care Med. 2018; 44(11): 1870–8. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-018-5343-1
  71. Kepreotes E., Whitehead B., Attia J., et al. High-flow warm humidified oxygen versus standard low-flow nasal cannula oxygen for moderate bronchiolitis (HFWHO RCT): an open, phase 4, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2017; 389(10072): 930–9. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30061-2
  72. Franklin D., Babl F.E., Schlapbach L.J., et al. A Randomized Trial of High-Flow Oxygen Therapy in Infants with Bronchiolitis. N Engl J Med. 2018; 378(12): 1121–31. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1714855
  73. Durand P., Guiddir T., Kyheng C., et al. Bronchopti study group. A randomised trial of high-flow nasal cannula in infants with moderate bronchiolitis. Eur Respir J. 2020; 56(1): 1901926. DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01926-2019
  74. Ralston S.L. High-Flow Nasal Cannula Therapy for Pediatric Patients With Bronchiolitis: Time to Put the Horse Back in the Barn. JAMA Pediatr. 2020; 174(7): 635–6. DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.0040
  75. Tang G., Lin J., Zhang Y., Shi Q. The Effects and Safety of Continuous Positive Airway Pressure in Children with Bronchiolitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Trop Pediatr. 2021; 67(2): fmaa128. DOI: 10.1093/tropej/fmaa128
  76. Vahlkvist S., Jürgensen L., la Cour A., et al. High flow nasal cannula and continuous positive airway pressure therapy in treatment of viral bronchiolitis: a randomized clinical trial. Eur J Pediatr. 2020; 179(3): 513–8. DOI: 10.1007/s00431-019-03533-2
  77. Argent A.C., Biban P. What’s new on NIV in the PICU: does everyone in respiratory failure require endotracheal intubation? Intensive Care Med. 2014; 40(6): 880–4. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-014-3274-z
  78. Fedor K.L. Noninvasive Respiratory Support in Infants and Children. Respir Care. 2017; 62(6): 699–717. DOI: 10.4187/respcare.05244
  79. Arnaiz E.V., Cambra Lasaosa F.J., Platero L.H., et al. Is nasopharyngeal tube effective as interface to provide bilevel non-invasive ventilation? Respir Care. 2013; 59(4): 510–7. DOI: 10.4187/respcare.02556
  80. DiBlasi R.M. Neonatal non-invasive ventilation techniques: do we really need to intubate? Respir Care. 2011; 56(9): 1273–94 (discussion 1295–7).
  81. Essouri S., Laurent M., Chevret L. et al. Improved clinical and economic outcomes in severe bronchiolitis with pre-emptive nCPAP ventilatory strategy. Intensive Care Med. 2014; 40: 84–91. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-013-3129-z
  82. Jat K.R., Mathew J.L. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for acute bronchiolitis in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019; 1(1): CD010473. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD010473.pub3
  83. Bergquist-Beringer S., Cuddigan J., Davidson J. National Database of Nursing Quality Indicators. Pressure injury training. [Internet]. [Accessed 2017]. Available from: https://members.nursingquality.org/ndnqipressureulcertraining/
  84. Suzanne M., Amaddeo A., Pin I., et al. Weaning from noninvasive ventilation and high flow nasal cannula in bronchiolitis: A survey of practice. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2020; 55(11): 3104–9. DOI: 10.1002/ppul.24890
  85. Kneyber M.C.J., de Luca D., et al. Recommendations for mechanical ventilation of critically ill children from the Paediatric Mechanical Ventilation Consensus Conference (PEMVECC). Intensive Care Med. 2017; 43(12): 1764–80. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-017-4920-z
  86. Mayordomo-Colunga J., Medina A., Rey C., et al. Non invasive ventilation after extubation in paediatric patients: a preliminary study. BMC Pediatr. 2010; 10: 29.
  87. Bamat N., Fierro J., Mukerji A., et al. Nasal continuous positive airway pressure levels for the prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021; 11(11): CD012778. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD012778.pub2
  88. Миночкин П.И., Чернышков А.В., Назаров Р.Г. Длительная вентиляция легких у детей, перенесших полиорганную недостаточность в раннем неонатальном периоде. Анестезиология и реаниматология. 2021; (1): 32–8. DOI: 17116/anaesthesiology202101132 [Minochkin P.I., Chernyshkov A.V., Nazarov R.G. Long-term ventilation in children with multiple organ failure in early neonatal period. Russian Journal of Anaesthesiology and Reanimatology. 2021; (1): 32–8. DOI: 10.17116/anaesthesiology202101132 (In Russ)]
  89. Badruddin S.S., Clayton J.A., McKee B.P., et al. Prevalence of Reintubation Within 24 Hours of Extubation in Bronchiolitis: Retrospective Cohort Study Using the Virtual Pediatric Systems Database. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2021; 22(5): 474–82. DOI: 10.1097/PCC.0000000000002581
  90. Risnes K.R., Belanger K., Murk W., Bracken M.B. Antibiotic Exposure by 6 Months and Asthma and Allergy at 6 Years Findings in a Cohort of 1401 US Children. Am J Epidemiol. 2011; 173(3): 310–8.
  91. Farley R., Spurling G.K., Eriksson L., Del Mar C.B. Antibiotics for bronchiolitis in children under two years of age. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2014; 10: CD005189.
  92. Montejo M., Paniagua N., Saiz-Hernando C., et al. Initiatives to reduce treatments in bronchiolitis in the emergency department and primary care. Arch Dis Child. 2021; 106(3): 294–300. DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2019-318085
  93. Essouri S., Baudin F., Chevret L., Vincent M., et al. Variability of care in infants with severe bronchiolitis: less invasive respiratory management leads to similar outcomes. J Pediatr. 2017; 188: 156–62.e1. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2017.05.033
  94. Cebey-López M., Pardo-Seco J., Gómez-Carballa A., et al. GENDRES network. Bacteremia in Children Hospitalized with Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection. PLoS One. 2016; 11(2): e0146599. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146599
  95. Wrotek A., Czajkowska M., Jackowska T. Bacteremia in Children Hospitalized Due to Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2020; 1271: 21–8. DOI: 10.1007/5584_2020_500
  96. Sutter D., Stagliano D., Braun L.R., et al. Polymicrobial bloodstream infection in pediatric patients: risk factors, microbiology, and antimicrobial management. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2008; 27: 400–5.
  97. Liet J.M., Ducruet T., Gupta V., Cambonie G. Heliox inhalation therapy for bronchiolitis in infants. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2015; 9: CD006915. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006915.pub3
  98. Seliem W., Sultan A.M. Heliox delivered by high flow nasal cannula improves oxygenation in infants with respiratory syncytial virus acute bronchiolitis. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2018; 94(1): 56–61. DOI: 10.1016/j.jped.2017.04.004
  99. Seliem W., Sultan A.M. [Does heliox administered by low-flow nasal cannula improve respiratory distress in infants with respiratory syncytial virus acute bronchiolitis? A randomized controlled trial]. An Pediatr (Engl Ed). 2019; 90(1): 3–9. [Article in Spanish]. DOI: 10.1016/j.anpedi.2018.01.019
Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Copyright (c) 2022 ANNALS OF CRITICAL CARE

Most read articles by the same author(s)

1 2 > >>